Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment Thinkers

reasoned that planets revolve around sun

used math to find laws that govern planetary movement

built his own telescope, disproved perfect surface theory, supported Copernicus

single theory of motion, the same force rules all motion on earth, degree of attraction depends on mass and distance

used satire, tolerance, freedom of religion/speech

political liberty, separation of powers, checks and balances

individual freedoms, people give up some freedoms for common good, direct democracies, all people are equal

Punishment fits crime, speedy trial, laws exist to preserve social order

women need education to be virtuous and useful

all humans are naturally evil and wicked, best gov is an absolute monarchy to keep citizens in control

people can learn and improve, all are born free, gov power comes from people’s consent, and gov protects rights of people

Life, Liberty, and Property

social gatherings for discussing Enlightenment ideals

Truth is discovered through reason and/or logical thinking

natural things are good and reasonable

people should seek well being on earth

society and humankind can improve

Bill of Rights/personal freedoms of citizens

Created the geocentric theory, theorized moon and stars had a perfect surface

Reinforced the geocentric theory in the second century.

Recorded planet movements for years, recorded large amounts of data

Encouraged scientists to experiment, and come to their own conclusions (Experimental method)

Reasoned everything should be doubted until proved by (mathematical) reasoning (Strict reasoning→truths)

Created first microscope

Observed bacteria and red blood cells

Developed mercury barometer, for measuring pressure in atmosphere and weather prediction

First mercury thermometer, showed water freezing at 32℉

Created thermometer scale that showed water freezing at 0℃

Dissected human corpses, made detailed drawings of human anatomy

Created world’s first vaccination with cowpox

Proposed that matter was made of particles, and showed how the volume, temperature, and pressure of gas affect each other using equations

new way of thinking about natural world, caused by Renaissance, lasted from 1543-1687

intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and individual power to solve problems, aka "Age of Reason”, lasted from 1685-1815, peaked in mid 1700s

The Renaissance and Age of Exploration

revival of the arts and literature in 14-16th centuries

new methods of thinking and experimentation, improvements in the fields of medicine, astronomy, and chemistry, less dependence on the church, people deciding to find out things for themselves instead of being told what to believe as fact, and The Enlightenment

ideas became the basis/insp. of governments started by revolutionary movements (american revolution), enlightened despots, and more secularism, belief in progress, importance of individuals

Locke inspired?

Montesquieu inspired?

Voltaire, Rousseau, Beccaria inspired?

wrote “Encyclopedia”

“new classical”

Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven

"first servant of state”

abolished serfdom, freedom of press/worship

limited reforms, expanded russian empire