AP Human Geography Ultimate Guide

rectilinear township

A(n) ________ and range survey system based upon lines of latitude and longitude.

City location

________ and the level of urban economic exchange could be analyzed using central places within hexagonal market areas, which overlapped at different scales.

Long lot patterns

________ have a narrow frontage along a road or waterway with a very long lot shape behind.

Three types of regions

formal, functional, and vernacular

place

A specific point on earth with human and physical characteristics that distinguish it from other places

sequent occupancy

the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place’s history

relative scale/scale of analysis

the level of aggregation, or in other words, the level at which you group things together for examination

formal regions

areas of space that possess some homogeneous characteristic or uniformity

functional/nodal regions

areas that have a central place, or node, that is a focus or point of origin

vernacular regions

An area that people believe exist as part of their cultural identity

absolute location

a point or place on the map using coordinates such as latitude and longitude

relative location

the location of a place compared to a known place or geographic feature

site

the physical characteristics of a place

situation

the place’s interrelatedness with other places

distance decay

the farther away different places are from a place of origin, the less likely interaction will be with the original place

friction of distance

movement incurs some form of cost, in the form of physical effort, energy, time; costs are proportional to the distance traveled

Space-Time Compression

refers to the set of processes (new tech, communication) that cause the relative distances between places to grow smaller.

core and periphery relationships

dominant capitalist countries that exploit smaller countries for labor and raw materials; smaller countries are dependent on dominant country for capital and have underdeveloped industry.

cluster

things are grouped together on the Earth’s surface

scattered pattern

objects that are normally ordered but appear dispersed

linear pattern

straight line

sinous pattern

wavy line

mental map

the cognitive image of landscape in the human mind

large-scale map

Zoomed in map; more detail

small-scale map

Zoomed out map; less detail

Thematic Maps

Show data; thematic map displays spatial patterns and relationships between them (choropleth maps)

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

system that incorporates one or more data layers in a computer program capable of spatial analysis and mapping

Global Positioning System (GPS)

system that utilizes a worldwide network of satellites, which emit a measurable radio signal; shows exactly where you are

political regions

boundaries are finite and well-defined (country)

spatial analysis

the mathematical analysis of one or more quantitative geographic patterns

choropleth map

a thematic map that expresses the geographic variability of a particular theme using color variations

isoline map

calculates data values between points across a variable surface (color blending)

dot density map

uses dots to express the volume and density of a particular geographic feature

flow-line map

uses lines of varying thickness to show the direction and volume of a particular geographic movement pattern

cartograms

distorts size based on value of variable

map projection

creates different levels of accuracy in terms of size and shape distortion for different parts of the Earth

Robinson projection

Most used map projection with curved edges, distorts all parts of globe, not useful for navigation.

aerial photographs

images of the Earth from an aircraft, printed on film, but digital camera usage is on the increase

remote-sensing satellites

use a computerized scanner from satellitesGloba to record data from the Earth’s surface (remote areas)

Goode’s homolosine projection

map projection that cuts out pieces of world, keeps accurate size, not useful for navigation.

Mercator Projection

map projection that distorts poles of the globe, map of Europe looks more powerful

Relative Distance

Direction that can be described as a position (left)

Absolute Distance

Direction that can be measured with standard units of length

Reference Map

Map that shows geographical data, oceans, cities, borders, roads, ect

Spatial Patterns

The placement of objects on Earth’s surface and the space between the objects

Globalization

how trade and technology have made the world into a more connected and interdependent place.

Interdependence

dependent on one another in some way

Culture Ecology

The study of interactions between societies and their local environments

Environmental Determinism

theory that environment causes social development or the idea that natural environment influences people

Environmental Possibilism

theory that people can adjust or overcome an environment.

Local Scale

city, town county, neighborhood

Sub-national Regional

Smaller parts of a nation (states, provinces)

National

Comparing Countries

Regional

Comparing Regions (North America ect)

Global

Comparing whole globe, usually no borders

Males

________ are always on the left of the pyramid and females are on the right.

death rates

Birth and ________ converge to result in limited population growth and population decline.

Negative RNI

________ means the population has shrunk.

phase of development

The ________ is directly followed by a stabilization of population growth as the procreation rates decline.

Population growth involves two main concepts

rate of natural increase (RNI) and the demographic equation

high birth rates

rural agricultural Third-World countries

low birth rates

urbanized industrial and service-based economies

ex

total number of infants born living is counted for one calendar year and then calculated

CBR

Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000

high death rates

a country that is experiencing war, disease, or famine, such as poor Third-World countries experiencing poverty, poor nutrition, epidemic disease, and a lack of medical care

Green Revolution

(increased food and nutrition) and access to sanitation, education, and health care

CDR

Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000

reduced fecundity

when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children

Ex

a country with a high rate of natural increase can have an unexpectedly low long-term population prediction if there is a large amount of emigration

Doubling Time

how long it would take for a country to double in size

formula

70Rate of Natural Increase

To estimate the RNI for each year in the future by examining a countrys position

(Pop

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative

Population Growth Percentage Rate = (Birth Rate

Death Rate) + Net Migration Rate/10%

formula

Number of Children Born/Women Aged 15 to 45

ex

we can estimate a population projection that the planets population has reached only about two-thirds of its potential

ex

an animal population that receives a vast amount of food or removes predators from their habitat will result rapid population growth followed by a plateau or decline due to a population reaching or exceeding the areas carrying capacity

result

little population growth until the later part of stage one when death rates begin to decline; RNI is generally low or negative

ex

in the United States, services are 80 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) and manufacturing is only 20 percent

Zero population growth (ZPG) (RNI of 0.0 percent)

birth rates reach the same level as death rates

interregional, or internal, migrants

those who move from one region of the country to another

transnational migration

occurs when migrants move from one country to another

forced migration

people may be taken or coerced from their homes for forced labor through human trafficking or enslavement

undocumented immigrants

people who come seeking refuge or employment opportunities but do not have government authorization

amnesty programs

allow undocumented immigrants the opportunity to apply for official status or citizenship without facing arrest or deportation

step migration

occurs when people move up in a hierarchy of locations, with each move to a more advantageous or economically prosperous place

chain migration

occurs when a pioneering individual or group settles in a new place, establishing a new migrant foothold

life-course changes

when people move because of major changes in the course of their lives**

birth rate; natality

the crude birth rate (CBR) and an annual statistic

crude birth rate (CBR)

Number of Live Births/Total Population x 1,000

death rate; mortality

the crude death rate (CDR) and an annual statistic calculated in the same way as the birth rate

green revolution

increased food and nutrition and access to sanitation, education, and health care

crude death rate (CDR)

Number of Deaths/Total Population x 1,000

rate of natural increase (RNI); natural increase rate (NIR)

the annual percentage of population growth of that country for that one-year period

Birth Rate - Death Rate/10%

negative RNI

population shrinkage

reduced fecundity

when the majority of women are heavily engaged in business, they are far less likely to have children

doubling time

how long it would take for a country to double in size

Net Migration Rate (NMR)

the number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants for every thousand members of the population; can be negative

Total fertility rate (TFR)

the estimated average number of children born to each female of birthing age (15 to 45)