The efferent divisions of the peripheral nervous system are . . .
somatic motor division, autonomic division
___________ division controls skeletal muscles through neuromuscular joints and is mostly voluntary
somatic
___________ division controls cardiac and smooth muscles and glands in homeostasis, and is mostly involuntary
autonomic
the _______ division controls antagonistic controls and agonists and antagonists in research and medicine
autonomic
The two branches of the autonomic system are the ______ and ____________
sympathetic, parasympathetic
the __________ branch of the autonomic system promotes “fight or flight” mode
sympathetic
The ____________ branch promotes homeostasis and maintenance
parasympathetic
The parasympathetic maintains what is commonly known as the “____ and _______” mode
rest, digest
much of homeostatic nervous regulation is __________ and reflects a balance between opposing control systems
autonomic
__________ activity prepares the body for short-term actions and responses
sympathetic
__________ activity adjusts body physiology for long-term well-bring
parasympathetic
this part of the brain integrates much of our sensory information, and is also a major point of efferent control
hypothalamus
Coordination of homeostatic responses can occur in three ways
autonomic, endocrine, behavioral
The hypothalamus regulates . . .
water balance, temperature, hunger
The pons regulate . . .
respiration
The medulla regulates
respiration, cardiac, vomiting, swallowing
Autonomic control centers in the brain include . . .
hypothalamus, pons, medulla
The control of the __________ division is unconscious, although we can become aware of its effects.
autonomic
Most internal organs are under ______ control, and receive two separate nervous inputs with opposite effects
antagonistic
The _____ nerve carries most of the parasympathetic information and contains about 75% if all parasympathetic fibers
vagus
The contains (sensory/efferent/both) nerves
both; sensory and efferent
Autonomic system efferent nerves are typically (mono/bi)-synaptic and make use of ganglia just outside of the CNS
bi
Bi-synaptic connections require _____ synapses, and these differ between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
two
Neurons from both divisions use ______________ as the neurotransmitter at their ganglionic synapses
Acetylcholine (ACh)
__________ neurons use Acetylcholine (ACh) at their target tissues, while __________ neurons use Norepinephrine (NE).
parasympathetic, sympathetic
At their target tissues, autonomic neurons have many __________ (swellings) which release neurotransmitter collectively at neuroeffector junctions
varicosities
Autonomic neuron NT release, function, and removal at neuroeffector junctions are of classic __________ ____________ form
Chemical synapse
Much of the sympathetic activity is mediated by the release of epinephrine by the _______ portion of the adrenal gland
medulla
The ______ (cortex) region of the adrenal gland is glandular, while the _______ (medulla) portion is a modified sympathetic ganglion
outer, inner
The _______ is activated by spinal sympathetic input and releases adrenalin into the bloodstream
adrenal medulla
The adrenaline from the adrenals and norepinephrine from the sympathetic neurons act on (the same/different) target tissue receptors
the same
Pupil dilation, salivation, increased heart rate, and fat breakdown are all results of _____________ nervous activity
sympathetic
inhibited digestion, inhibited pancreas secretion, and inhibited urination are indicative of _____________ nervous activity
sympathetic
constricted pupils and bronchioles, slow heart rate, insulin release, urination, and digestion are indicative of _____________ nervous activity
parasympathetic
At parasympathetic target tissues, ACh acts upon __________ receptors and triggers ___________ effects
muscarinic, metabotropic
The _____ _____ pathway provides voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Somatic
Motor neuron axons are mostly ______________
myelinated
motor connections are __________ , use Ach at nicotinic (ionotropic) receptors, and are __________
monosynaptic, excitatory
Neurons that innervate muscle fibers are termed __________ __________, and the synapses they make are called __________ __________
motor neurons, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs)
________________ junctions are large, branched, and powerful
neuromuscular
neuromuscular junctions deliver a large amount of what neurotransmitter at once
Acetylcholine (ACh)
NMJ operation (in typical manner of chemical synapses- see other side)
Motor neuron action potential → \n Depolarization of the neuron terminal (at the NMJ) → \n Opening of voltage-gated Ca++ channels → \n Ca++ influx into neuron terminal → \n ACh vesicle cycling and ACh release into the synapse → \n ACh binds nicotinic ACh receptors on the muscle fiber → \n Na+ channels open, allowing Na+ influx into the muscle fiber → \n Muscle fiber depolarizes → \n Muscle fiber contracts