FMST 210 final

describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion ( your own thinking)

behaviour becomes more or less probable depending on its consequence

• people actively process information— they think and they feel emotion—and their thoughts and feelings influence their behavior

Development and behaviour are the result of thought or cognition Thinking & info processing -> leads ot a better understanding of the world

Emphasizes the role of social context in developmennt. We all exsist in the same contet but different to each individual. People are inseparable from the familkial, neibourhood, and societal contexts in which they live in

≥ 35 is considered high risk pregnacy, increases birth complication and risk of still born

2k to 3k calories

stress during pregnacy is passd onto the baby -> affects growth

crucial to all pregnat ppl. lack of prenatal care lead to low birth weight. poor relationship with health care system causes ppl to not seek for prenatal care

high fat % -> early menarchy low fat % -> later menarchy

Family with high family stress, victims of SA or abuse or high levels of anxiety can trigger early puberty

low income ->poor nutrition -> early menarche in north america

Age: Before 8 Thought of as outlier -> bullying, left out, sexsual harassment. feel less positive about their bodies, physical appearance, and menstruation More likey to engae in sexual activites, increase sti, teen pregancy, termincation of pregnancy and drinking, smoking and drugs

Age: Before 9 Tend to be athletic, popular with peers, school leaders, and confident. Likely to experience depression and anxiety when they judge their peer relationships as stressful. More likey to engae in sexual activites, increase sti, teen pregancy, termincation of pregnancy and drinking, smoking and drugs

Age: After 13 Positive effect on girls with regard to depression

Age: After 14 may experience more social and emotional difficultie.

Parents that perceive their child as stubborn and non-compliant (e..g toddlers learning to assert independence) Parents have unrealistic expectations of children. Poor impulse & problem-solving skills. Parents that live in poverty and have high stress Parents who abuse alcohol & drugs

Average age of first use is 14. SIde effect on teens are more serve than alcohol. 24% repost using it in the last 3 months. Legalisation of weed didnt change the rate of use. Higher use in males, thought of as less risky. more likely to drive with weed influence

More skilled partner is ajusteded to needse of th child and guides them accomplish more than they could do alone

The gap between a child's competence level and what she can do with assistence. The upper limit of this zone is what the child can accomplish with a skilled partner. For example, adults reading a book to a child tend to point to items, label and describe characters' emotional states,explain, ask questions, listen, and respond sensitively, helping the child understand challenging material that is just beyond what the child can understand on his or her own

Over the last 100 year, IQ score went up by 33%. Mean of 100 stays the same as the average contiues rising.

1. ppl are finishing higher edu -> increase every 10 years of edu

2. life complexity increases over the years. technology challenges you to think more complexly over 31 countries and 4 million ppl

• Accounts for many ethnic differenes in IQ scores -Different based on SES are not inborn

• No difference in babies of different race -All attributes to ses

• Contributes to IQ through diffences in culture, nutrition, living conditions, school resources intellectual stimulation, and life circumstances

Knowleedge of sounds used in a given language

• learning how to detect, discriminate and produce speech sounds. Everyone can make language sounds but may not be used in main language

Understanding the ways that sounds can be combined to form words

• Infants learn that sounds can be combined in meaningful ways

Meaning or content of words and sentences -Growing volcabulary signals an increase in semantic knowledge -attachting meaning/ context to words

knowledge of the structure of sentences

• rules by which words are to be combined to form sentences

• In english subject +verb + object

Understanding how to use language to communicate effectively

• ensure that what we are trying to communicate is expressed efficiently

-Less developed lanuage skills. know fewer words and produces shorted sentences, simplictic -Less exposure to speech; lower ses exposes to 3 million less words -lower quality parent-child interactions. High ses parents talk to their kids more, more supportive, they ask more questions -> practice suntax pragmatics -low ses are more directive -Increased household instability and disorder

• reponds to anybody that meets their needs -> beginning of attachemnt -prefere fimilar people connected to stranger warness

Babies begin to discriminate among adults and prefer familiar people. Attachment responses are directed toward a particular adult or adults who are best able to soothe the baby.

: Infants develop attachments to specific caregivers who attend, accurately interpret, and consistently respond to their signals. Infants can gain proximity to caregivers through their own motor efforts, such as crawling.

taking turns and initiating interactions within the attachment relationship. They begin to understand others’ emotions and goals and apply this understanding though strategies such as social referencing

• each person participates to maintain close relationship

• African americans tend to score 10-15 points below caucasion americans on iq test -african american < Hispanic American < Caucasian American =< Asian American

IQ scores are closely linked with education

• Holds incoming sensory6 inforamtion in its original form (hearing stuff but not always it is given importance or the attention to actually focus) -Attention: Awareness of information (you hold onto smt u sense after giving it enough attention -> then its moved onto the working memory

Holds and processes information that is being “worked on”: manipulated, encoded, or retrieved

• Unlimited store that holds information indefinitely

• can be moved to short term to combine new info with old info and then its sent back to long term

Control processor that directs the flow of information and regulates cognitive activities such as attention, action, and problem-solving

Cognitive process of understanding information, making decisions, and solving problems

Risk-taking decisions- they know that they will be stimulated by doing that, do they often do take those decisions. 2 ways: - are most likely to respond and only focus on the positive feedback (yes dude do it) - not always sprout of the moment, pros and cos list, they will assume everything will just go fine. - Won’t make a rational decision on a. Situation that will stimulate its limbic system

Secure attachemnt -> Sense of trust -> form intimate relationship -> desire closness (build intimacy) -> become pareent that have children with secure attachemetn

Insecurely Attachment -> lack a sense of trust -> form a isolated relationship -> dont desire real true closness/ aren't open/ anxious about relationship

• The way we describe ourselves • Our assessment of our abilities, traits, and characteristics • The way we see ourselves – which may not be in line with how others see us • Self-concept is an ever-changing process, becoming more complex over our lifespa

• Based on evaluation • Feelings of self-worth, self-acceptance, and self-respect • Relies on cognitive development and a sense of self that emerges over the course of childhood

• Establishing a coherent sense of self after exploring many possibilities -who you are or who you want to be

• e.g carre aspriation, relationship aspiration, values & ideas

Time-out period providing more freedom and autonomy than childhood but is without the full autonomy and responsibilities of adulthood (highschool and university)

• Not having explored or committed to a sense of self

• a tendency to change jobs frequently or stay in a job for many years

• no goals or aspiration -don't move forward in life

• Chosen an identity without engaging in exploration

• knew their identity since a young age (positive)

• continue family business; expected of you at a young age (negative)

-Desire to maintain relationships and responsibility not to cause harm to others -women are more care orientated

• Based on abstract principles of fairness and individualism -could be based on dilema

• not based on ppl but the larger picture -men are more justice orientated

• having children do chores -> develop empathy -family is a community

• understand your behaviour influences others -helps children understand behaviour -model caring behaviour

• Parents model effective conflict resolution • Focuses on behavior and not child’s characteristics • Helps children internalize rules and standards

• Integrating masculine and feminine characteristics

– Different perceptions and expectations for each gender influences child based on the expectations they have. – Encourage gender-typed behavior

Reinforce gender-typed behavior and criticize crossgender activities

Marketing a certain product to a specific gender. Such as marketing men specifc skin care as skin care is for women

-children self-stimulate as it feels good, not to reach orgasm -some children dont do it as they have been told not to 3-4 years old

-stable living enviroment -involvemnet of baby daddy -higher education

• acess to childcare

• duration of the relationship can override the age of participants (5-year-long relationships as a young adult will have less sex than a 1-year-old relationship of 50-year-olds) -being healthy & having a partner are the top 2 reasons for sex in older people

-hyperamasculinity -> increase rates of sexual assult -people who are accused of sexual assult fall into:

1. pro athelete/ uni athelets

2. military

3. frats

Statistics -darastically increased by 35% -without the 3 territoreis and Quebec the average is 16% -Quecbec had as 40% average Who? -people with lower levels of income & education

-reduce conflict between the 2 parents -minimal change is best for the child

-No difference from children raised in straight familes -not more likely to identify as homosexual -score higher in social competencey -no gende division of labour at home -> children have less gendered atitute -more acception of people in lgbtq+

-good decision making -cooperative -highest academic achiement out of the four -more mature -likely to ask parents for advice

-poor decision making (rarely allowed to make decision) -poor conflict resolution skills -poor communication skills (often shut down by parents) -passive & confronting -do poorer in school

-lack impluse control -poor at higher education -lower maturity level -less socially responsible

-low academic achievement -low social responsibilities -behavioural problems -early sexual/ criminal activities

• rejected by peers

parents go out of their way to cultivate childs talent (scorrer mom, can afford to pay for ECA)

-not cultivated, naturally developed -more postive relatiion with extended family

-Parent was spanked as a child -typically younger in age or low SES -typically stressed or easily angered -single parent

-use of authoritative parenting style -good role model on how to have a loving relationship -teaching children conflict resolution (younger children) -let the resolve conflict when they get older

-authoritarian parenting style -indulgent -> self-absorbed child -favouring one child over the other. Always going to be jealous and blame the other child

helps children explore social rules and conventions, promotes language skills, and is associated with social competence

exercises children’s gross motor skills and helps them to develop muscle strength and control

• makes school & teacher look successful -thinks kids will eventually catch uo -believed it hurts self-esteem & sense of competence

Promoting students to the next grade, paired with interventions that target a student’s specific needs in class and at home, can help students achieve at grade level and beyond

-gives them time to catch up -didnt meet academic standars/ socially & emotiobnally inmature -high absenty rates

• belief an extra year of schooling will produce successful academic outcomes

-tendency to miss school -poor academic performance sometimes worse to social promotion kids -2 times drop-out rate in secondary compared to social promotion -affects them socioemotionally

-Parents act as role models -Parents share personality characteristics and abilities with their children and influence educational attainment, which in turn influences career choice -SES and parents’ occupational fields influence career choice. high-SES households are more likely to receive career information from parents

-Straight couples -> hard time finding balance -queer couples -> balance of unpaid work is better -couples fight a lot regarding child care, chores, sex, money and in-laws

Infant - genetic Children & older - accidents Worldwide - Accidents & low birth weigth (in babies) Canada (in babies)- genetic abnormalities

-constantly wondering what it woudl be like if their parent was still there -still have a lot of developmental growth need to do w/o parent's guidence