AP Psychology Review

A condition marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognitions, emotion regulation, or behavior

A neurodevelopmental disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

The concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

-The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition

-A widely used system for classifying psychological disorders

A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance.

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

An anxiety disorder involving the extreme and irrational fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations.

Fear or avoidance of situations, such as crowds or wide open places, where one has felt loss of control and panic.

A disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts and ritualistic behaviors are designed to fend off those thoughts interfere significantly with an individual's functioning.

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmare, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises.

Psychological disorder involving a significant depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks.

Extremely elevated and excitable mood usually associated with bipolar disorder.

Psychological disorder in which the patient experiences both manic and depressed episodes.

Compulsive fretting, overthinking about our problems and their causes.

A psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished or inappropriate emotional expression

Loss of contact with reality that is severe and chronic

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders

A psychological disorder in which the symptoms take a bodily form without apparent physical causes

A disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found.

A disorder in which a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease.

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

An eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve.

An eating disorder in which a person alternates binge eating with purging, excessive exercise or fasting.

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging or fasting that marks bulimia nervosa.

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning

personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members

-May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist

According to Spearman and others, this underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score on a test.

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

Defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ=ma/ca x 100

-On contemporary intelligence test, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

Terman's American adaptation of the Binet-Simon Scale, a test used in determining a person's intelligence quotient, or IQ.

A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

A test designed to predict a person's future performance.

The most widely used modern intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests.

Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.

A symmetrical, bell-shape that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.

The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

The degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain it's supposed to cover.

Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.

One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly, tends to decrease during late adulthood.

A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life.

A condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes.

Apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one's own group.

Found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' for g-factor (general ability).

found seven clusters of primary mental abilities: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory.

Devised theory of multiple intelligences: suggests that the learning process should be tailored to an individual's strengths in their multiple intelligences.

Devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative).

Pioneer in intelligence (IQ) tests, designed the first intelligence test (in France), meant to identify learning disabled children in need of remediation.

known for version of the Stanford-Binet intelligence test and longitudinal study of giftedness

A psychologist who developed tests aimed at both adults and children, WISC and WAIS.

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.

Our sense of self: According to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

The "we" aspect of our self-concept. The part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

The sex chromosome found in both men and women

Females have two X chromosomes, males have one

The sex chromosome found only in males

A study in which a representative cross section of the population is tested or surveyed at one specific time.

A research approach that follows a group of people over time to determine change or stability in behavior.

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

1902-1994; Field: neo-Freudian, humanistic; Contributions: created an 8-stage theory to show how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

First level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior.

Second level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by conforming to the society's norms of behavior.

Kohlberg's highest stage of morality- occurs late in life and is a personal morality, developed by the adult and which supersedes society's rules, laws, and restrictions. Not reached by all.

1. trust vs. mistrust

2. autonomy vs. shame and doubt

3. initiative vs. guilt

4. industry vs. inferiority

5. identity vs. role confusion

6. intimacy vs. isolation

7. generativity vs. stagnation

8. integrity vs. despair

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

In humans, the term for the developing organism between the embryonic stage and birth.

Chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing fetus

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial disproportions.

A baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple to get food

Bringing new information into our current schemas

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to nearly 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.

Knowledge that an object does not cease to exist even when the object cannot be seen.

In Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

The preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

Ability to reason about what other people know or believe

A neurodevelopmental disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors.

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about real events.

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.

A fear of strangers developing at 8 or 9 months of age

An optimal period early in the life of an organism where exposure to certain stimuli produces normal development

come to recognize (another animal, person, or thing) as a parent or other object of habitual trus

• Includes both learning and innate components, generally irreversible

• Happens in less complex animals, not humans

-Involves nature and cognition

-Theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female

-Nurture plays a bigger role

-We learn gender through observation, rewards, and punishments as we develop

-Cognitive psychology

-Created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development

• Underestimated the abilities of children

Investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development

Studied imprinting and critical periods in geese

Studied attachment in monkeys with artificial mothers

-Experimented with infant baby monkeys

-Six months of complete isolation was enough to cause emotional and behavioral damage.

-Studied maternal separation

-Devised patterns of attachment

Developed types of parenting styles

-Found that women focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles

-Their reasoning was merely different than males

Parents are demanding but responsive to their children