sap exam

Southern ape from afar, Ape like face, arched foot

Handyman, First to develop and use stone tools and the Bronca’s area

Working man

Upright man

Complete upright walking, hunter gatherer, fire, migrate out of Africa

Man who thinks/wise man, Homo sapiens sapiens and neanderthals

Hunter gatherer, First to have rituals (ex. Burying dead)

living things must adapt to their environments or they won’t survive

Mutation creates descent with modification, Unfavourable mutations are selected against, Reproduction and mutation occur, Favourable mutations more likely to survive and reproduce, which results in evolution

Palaeontologist who found more fossils and stone tools at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania and discovered that humans originally came from Africa, and discovered Turkana Boy (homo ergaster)

Studied chimps in Tanzania

Studied mountain gorillas in Rwanda

Studied the !Kung Bushmen of the Kalahari desert

Primates, 3D vision, highly developed brain, opposable thumbs, social creatures, capacity for aggression, bipedalism

The study of human beings in different cultural settings around the world

immersing yourself and living with a culture

What’s right in one culture may be wrong in another

The apes started off as one group but split off into two and fought each other for territory and one group attacked the other until it was exterminated

The Maori of New Zealand receive Moko to represent their nobility

The foot was bound by an older female of the family and women with bound feet were considered a good wife, and not complain as shown by having her feet bound and living a life with them.

Aka. henna is a form of temporary skin decoration used in South Asia to bring in positive energy and drive away negative energy, and is commonly used during wedding ceremonies.

Celebrate Christmas by slaughtering an ox and sharing it with others, The tradition is to downplay your achievements, for example, when you slaughter a good ox, to say that it was small. This reduces arrogance.

Aspects of culture that are real items that exist in the physical world

Aspects of culture that do not exist in the physical world and instead are transferred through word and actions

Material culture helps to show and represent non-material culture in the real world

Recruiters are very warm and loving and the recruit is made to feel special and important to the new “family”

Pretends to be friendly to discover hidden weaknesses and hopes and exploits them

Recruit is constantly surrounded by a group that thin the same which gives them pressure to conform

Not allowed to ask questions and told to wait or ignored and obeying becomes the social norm

Recruits are constantly surrounded by the cult and kept away from other people in their life

Recruits are kept busy from early morning to late night with little chances to eat and sleep which results in fatigue and listlessness to make them more likely to conform

If a recruit expresses doubt, they are made to feel selfish and group confessions destroy self esteem

The concept that the unconscious mind influences personality and is made up of the id, ego, and superego

Natural child-like beliefs

Balances the Id and Superego

Manages morals and tries to make the morally correct decisions

Dreams are a byproduct of the dreamer's physical and mental state during sleep and by analysing dreams you can realise things such as unconscious desires of the dreamer

The study of the unconscious mind

the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection to help his patients discover unconscious thoughts and feelings that had been repressed or ignored.

The feeling of jealousy due to competition for the attention of a primary caregiver

Son → Mother (attachment)

Daughter → Father (attachment)

Birth - 12/18 months, interest in oral gratification

12/18 months - 3 yo Gratification from expelling or withholding feces, coming to understand social standards (ex. potty training)

3 to 5-6 years old, Discovery of libido, interest in genitals, understanding their gender

Maslow developed the idea that human behaviour was often motivated by opposite tendencies

Physiological needs (Food, water, warmth, rest), Safety needs (Security), Belongingness and Love (Intimate relationships, friends, family), Esteem needs (Prestige and feeling of accomplishment), Self-Actualization (achieving one’s full potential

If women have “penis envy” why can’t men have “uterus envy”

A physical feeling resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body.

How are we conditioned affects perceptions based on our environment and background because perception is based on past knowledge and experience such as culture and people will have different perceptions of the world based on their background

Justifying your actions with an excuse rather than admitting a failure or mistake ex. Getting a bad grade on a test because you didn’t study, but blaming it on the test

Believing a falsehood, rather than accepting reality. ex. An alcoholic saying they are not an alcoholic because they can function throughout the day.

Accusing others of feeling unpleasant emotions that you feel yourself

Running away from a problem

Blocking out thoughts about unpleasant things or experiences

Acting like somebody else; associating somebody’s accomplishments with your own

Expressing feelings towards something or someone not associated with the source of the feelings

Returning to an earlier way of dealing with frustration; returning to a mindset that required less responsibility

Making up for a lack of one thing by achieving something else

Transferring unacceptable behaviours into acceptable ones

organic, developing through stressors, and everybody has a certain degree of it

genetic, not based off your experiences, innate

a disorderly functioning of the mind causing abnormal behaviour

When anxiety becomes severe or prolonged

Anxiety that can occur without a given reason

Intense or irrational fear of certain things

A persistent, unwanted thought, followed by a tendency to perform an act repeatedly in order to relieve the anxiety

Deeply unhappy and finds little pleasure in life

Extreme mood swings beyond the normal range, manic and depressive

Affect a person;s ability to function in society, making it difficult to relate to others

Distortion of reality, social withdrawal, and disturbances of thought, perception, motor activity and emotions

Harmful use of substances that lead to a significant impairment or distress

Learning that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired

Learning that occurs when a response is paired with punishment or reward to modify the behaviour happening

causes a response without any prior learning on the part of the subject

an automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that at first elicits no response

what the neutral stimulus becomes once paired with the stimulus to provoke the conditioned response

an automatic response to the conditioned stimulus

Dogs paired the sound of the bell to the arrival of food

Box only giving the rat food when the rat presses the button when the box is green

Little Albert was conditioned to be afraid of rats through a loud noise paired with it, and eventually the fear of rats was extended to other animals and furry white animals

Each part of society serves a specific function

How individuals learn about their culture and how they subjectively interpret and act upon their social worlds

Power is the most important factor in social organisation and society is made up of competing groups

The first agents of socialisation in your immediate circle- parents and family- that shape your behaviour throughout your whole life

Other people around you that socialise you such as religion, media, peer groups, school

things taught at school that model a certain set of beliefs and attitudes and endorses specific behaviour in different situations

Even though they have the same genes, most identical twins grow up to become very different and independent people. However when separated at birth and reunited, many of them ended up being similar (ex. Same career, behaviour, personality)

If they are isolated as children, they may lose the ability to speak and may never properly develop skills such as fine motor skills, formal communication, emotional responses, and more

Abandoned children that had no development and who take on the development of the environment

Seperated from society but have developed certain skills

1-2 parents and unmarried children living together

Relatives in addition to parents and unmarried children living together

Parents with children from one or more previous marriages or unions

A couple

A parent (either mother or father) With one or more children

Cohabitating, unmarried couple with or without children

A family that consists of two individuals of the same gender with children