Britannia

Claudius’ position in Rome

Caesar’s attempts to invade

The political situation in the south of Britain

Claudius succeeded Caligula after he was killed by the praetorian guard

Suetonius says Claudius was never considered to be empower due to his disabilities

Josephus says he was found behind a curtain

Suetonius says at the start there was a small rebellion against him as he was not seen as good enough

He had his achievements read out in the forum so everyone knew what happened

Caesar described the Britons using chariots to escape from battle and Claudius targeted the horses due to this

Invaded in 54 and 55

His first campaign was to understand the island the second was to get controll

He forced the tribes into alliance and so they would pay tax to him

Before Caesar there was no peace Tacitus says they can’t agree

Caesar enforced Roman peace between them

Evidenced by the gold slater of vertical and the gold and bronze coins of Cunobelinus

Coins from the atrebartes tribe

Vine leaf and the text Vinci on the front

Man on a horse and verica on the other side

vine leaf implies it is Italian and that they were trading

First side had wheat and text camv on it

Second side had text cvn on it

Text says camudolumnum

Fact it was gold shows it was a rich tribe

First side had head and the text Cunobelinus king

Second side had a bull and the text tasc

The text reads Cunobelinus son of tasciovanus

It is bronze so worth less than the gold one

Politician who became consul he carefully used previous sources from earlier historians

Wrote biography based all around Claudius

Independent account about how Claudius supported Suetonius

Known for being hostile towards empowers and people in power

Claudius used Caligula and Caesar’s plans

Suetonius told us about Caligulas plans

Assembled legions 2, 9, 14, 20

Brought auxiliary units

Around 40000 men

Lead by aulis plautius

Plautius defeats Cunobelinus’ sons togodumnus and caratacus

Britons thought romans could not cross the river

German auxillery troops swan across and attacked horses

Vespasian slaughtered the Celts and Rome won that battle

Romans struggled to cross Thames so sent the German auxillery troops

Many romans died falling into swamps

Plautius sent for Claudius

Claudius got the surrender to the catavelaunii without doing anything

Fosse way was constructed

By ad 49 the invasion was finished

Established capital at camudolumnum and used client kings

Vespasian conquered 2 tribes

Publius ostroius faced a rebellion and was very harsh on the ( Tacitus )

line between Lincoln and Cirencester

Found in Cirencester

Shows a cavalryman defeating his enemy carrying a shield

Was a veteran living amount other veterans

Buried near Gloucester

Shows a cavalry man over fallen enemy

He was part of a garrison

Arch of Claudius made

British kings surrendered to him

Granted a triumph

Dio said Aulus plautius also had a triumph but Suetonius said it was an ovation

Tacitus said romes borders expanded which was likely

Coinage to promote success

Like a triumph but more specific to military generals

Senate appointed Roman magistrate to rule over each province together with a questor and three luitentants

Appointed by his staff the governed had full rule over province

Upon assuming the government of a province the governed would issue and edict to supplement the lex province

The mistreatment of the iceni tribe

Roman actions trying to get loans back which Claudius made

This was plausible as Nero needed more money

When prasutagus died he tried to leave half his kingdom to Nero and his daughters but the Romans took it all as they did not allow women to own property

When the romans moved in they assaulted Boudicca and he daughters

Lead her iceni tribe south to join with the trinobantes

Britons burned the cooking down ( archeological evidence )

Revolt happened while Suetonius Plautus was in wakes so he went south

He sent 9 the legion who were ambushed and 2,000 killed

London was evacuated Tacitus said rebels destroyed St Albans

After ransacking verulamium the rebellion met the romans somewhere in the midlands

Boudicca escaped Tacitus says she poisoned herself dio says she fell ill

They were angry due to the veterans of the colony being treated badly with the romans calling them prisoners and slaves

Only 2 Roman cities destroyed so he did not view London as a city

He says it was very gruesome and even people from Gaul were killed

Paulinus was replaced by Petronius turpilinus who was very lazy

Replaced by trebellius maximums who was lazy

Nero died in 68 and there was a power struggle in Rome but Vespasian took power

Trebellius maximums was replaced by vettius bolanus who Tacitus said was unpopular as they wanted Vespasian

Queen catimandua is very pro Roman and this was clear as she handed caratacus over to them earlier on

Venutius her husband was not pro Roman

She married one of venutius’ servants

Venutius was aided by local tribes who rebelled against cartimandua who asked the romans for help

Trebellius maximums went into hiding after a mutiny he was replaced by bolanus

Petilius cerailis takes controll and the romans invade brigantia

There was now no brigantes royal family

The Roman controll moved north and they reached Carlisle by 71/72 tree evidence

This reflected well on Vespasian

North wales subjugated by paulinus julius front in us now set about conquering the silures

Colchester

Fishbourne

Aquae siluis

Establishment of provincial capital

Taxes to Roman state

Imperial cult

Development of urban life

Focal point of Roman power worshipped by the emporer

Built to look good rather than to be functional ( grid system )

Rebuilt to look Roman ( archeological )

No forum but temple circus and theatre

Could worship any gods but had to do the emporer and no Druidism

lots of similar towns like Chichester Cirencester and St Albans

43 ad timber buildings act as a supply base for Vespasian

Military site after ad 60

65-70 timber buildings removed and proto palace built in stone

Black and white mosaics bright paint

After was replaced by flavian palace very expensive

Natural hot springs religious significance to the celts

Minerva was the Roman god of hot springs sulius was the Celtic one so goddess sulius minerva was made as a combination

Was a Roman complex and temple

Very Roman civilised and hygienic

The British stood on high ground in formation

Agricola widened his roots

They were fighting with missiles

Romans started fighting with swords

Britons retreated to woods

Before he came Britons were very lazy and uncoordinated

He got rid of the Ordovicies

Took the isle of anglesssey

Took swimming auxilleries and they surrendered

He lowered food and tax prices

Built temples public squares and houses

Praised the keen reprimanded the slack

Provided education in Latin

Porticoes banquets and baths

Took a new tribe at the river

Established forts

Stocked very well and never taken from

Didn’t take too much credit

There was a strip of land never taken

He secured it with garrisons

Posted troops close to Ireland

Between Britain and Spain so was very valuable

Do trading and business

He often said it could be useful

Agricolas sons died so he became more motivated to work hard

A small amount of men went ahead

30,000 Britons assembled lead by Calgacus

so Britons we’re fighting in Roman army

Shows Roman supplies Britons with wood

Shows trade and good business

Tablet is an invoice