Digestion

what is osmolarity?

the amount of solute particals in one kg of water

the urinary bladder has a lot of ____ muscle involved

smooth

what are the 3 layers of the bladder wall

mucosa, muscular, and fibrous adventitia

what is the urinary bladders storage capacity?

up to 500-1000ml

Inward pressure _____ filtrate formation

inhibits

outward pressure ____ filrate formation

promotes

what happens during tubular secretion?

transfer of materials from capillaries to the renal tubular lumen. one step in the urine process

what happens during the tubular reabsorption process

kidsneys reabsorb useful substances like glucose, amino acids, and electrolytes.

what happens during glomerular filration

the first step in making urine. the process in which kidneys use to filter excess fluid.

what are the three key processes of the kidney?

glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

tubular secretion

what does the ureters do?

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

what does propulsion mean?

swallowing and peristalis

what is the relationship between blood pressure and blood volume?

they are inversely porpotioned- as one goes up the other goes down.

where do many of our digestive enzymes come from?

Pancreas

what is within the juice of the pancreas?

Electroclytes -proteases (breaks proteins) -Amylae -Lipase -nuclease

How long is the small intestine?

7-13 feet

what is small about the small intestine?

the diamter of its lumen

what are the subdivisions of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

what modifications in the small intestine help in absorption?

Circular folds, villi, microvilli

Where is bile produced?

liver

Where is bile stored?

gallbladder

what happens after a meal?

segmentation ( moving food through intestines and mixes it)

what happens between meal?

peristalis

what are the unique features of the large intestines?

tenaie coli, haustra, epiploic appedages.

what are the subdivisions of the larg intestine?

Cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal.

what are the parts if the colon?

Ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid

What are the two sphincters of the anal canal?

Internal- smooth muscle External- skeletal muscle

What is appendicitis?

inflammation of appendix usually from a blockage of feces.

what are the metabolic functions of the bacteria in the intestines?

fermentation and vitamin synthesis

how long does the digestive process take?

12-14 hours

what is the major function of the large intestine?

propel feces

what does the large intestine reclaim?

vitamins, water, electrolytes (Na and Cl)

what is enzyme hydrolysis

using water to break something

lipids are ______ absorbed

passively

polar molecules require _____ transport

active

what 3 monosacharydes can be absorbed?

Glactose, glucose, frucose

what is the order of protein digestion?

Proteins → large polypeptides → small polypeptides → amino acids

Energy is measured as

Kilocalories (kCal)

nonessential nutrients can be synthesized by the _____

the liver

what is the difference between essential and nonessential nutrients

both are needed but essential nutrients CANNOT be made within the body.

what are examples of simple carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides

what are examples of complex carbohydrates

Starches or polysaccharides or oligosaccharide

fiber

what are monosaccharides made of?

glucose, fructose, galactose

what are disaccharides made from?

maltose, sucrose, lactose,

what are oligosaccharides made from?

raffinose, stachyose,

what are polysaccharides made from?

starch, glycogen, cellulose

glucose that is not used becomes _____

Fat

why are carbohydrates essential?

they contain essential sugars that cannot be made within the body

what is the glycemic index?

a index that ranks carbs from 0-100

how are the sugars ranked in the glycemic index?

on how quickly blood sugar levels are raised

what is glycemic load?

degree that is going to influence blood sugar.

lipids are primarily ____

Triglycerides \n • Saturated & unsaturated

what are the dietary sources of lipids?

Triglycerides

chloesterol

fatty acid synthesis

what are the two fatty acids the liver cannot synthesis

omega 3 and 6 ( cannot be made in body)

what are the uses of lipids?

Adipose tissue \n • Phospholipids \n • Bile salts & steroid hormones \n • Fuel of hepatocytes & skeletal muscle \n • Fat-soluble vitamin absorption

what is the dietary requirement for lipids?

20-35% daily intake (less than 10% of fat intake should be saturated)

do we need chloesterol in our diet?

no so keep it low in the diet

what are the dietary sources of protein?

Complete proteins (animal products) = 8 essential amino acids \n • Legumes, nuts + cereals = Incomplete proteins \n • Legumes + cereal grains = 8 Essential amino acids

what are the uses of proteins In the body?

Structural material \n • Functional molecules \n • Three deterministic factors \n • All-or-none rule \n • Adequacy of caloric intake \n • Hormonal control

what are the 7 major minerals

Ca P K Na S Cl Mg

what are the two types of vitamins?

water-soluble and fat-soluble

what are some examples of water-soluble vitamins

B complex and C, B12

how is toxic overload of minerals prevented?

by maintaining secretion rate

what do Ca P and Mg do

help with bone strength

what does Fe do

hemoglobin

what does Iodine do?

produces thyroid hormones

what is the defininition of metablolism?

Sum of all chemical reactions in the body

what is anabolism

the synthesis of small molecules to big ones

what is catabolism

the “breakdown” breaking complex structures to simple ones. often uses water

what are the two mechanisms used to make ATP

subsrate level phosyphorylation

ocidative phosphorylation

what mechanism produces the most ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

what is cellular respiration?

catabolic breakdown of food

what is the goal of cellular respiration?

trap chemical energy in the form of ATP for now or late

what ar ethe 3 stages of phosphorylation

1- digestion and transport to tissues

2- anabolism or catabolism (synthesis)

3- in mitochondria

what are redox reactions?

oxidized things are going to loose electrons and energy

what is dehydrogenease?

catlyze hydrogen or remove hydrogen from an atom

what are two of the major electron acceptors

NAD and FAD

what are the 3 phases of glycolysis

phase 1 - sugar activation ( glucose is phosphorated by ATP)

phase 2 - sugar cleavage ( breaking molecule in half)

phase 3 - sugar oxidation and ATP formation ( 4 ATP is made)

What does carbohydrate metabolism produce?

Water, carbon dioxide, 32 ATP, heat

what are the products of glycolysis

2 pyretic acids

2 reduced NAD

net gain of 2 ATP

what are the products of the citric acid / Krebs cycle?

2 CO2

three NADH

one FADH2

one moleulce of ATP or GTP

one regenerated oxaloaxetate

each molecule of glucose producess __ acids per glucose yeild

2 pyruvic acids

what is phase one of oxidative phosphorylation?

Electron Transport Chain

what is phase 2 of oxidative phosphorylation?

chemiosmosis

why is glycolysis?

Converts glucose to pyruvic acid

what is glycogenesis?

glycogen synthesis

what is glycogenolysis?

breaking glycogen into glucose

what is gluconeogenesis?

Neo = New

Creation of new glucose from no carb sources

what does lipoprotein mean?

fat protein

any excess glucose thats in the blood is stored in ____

muscles and fatwha

what using triglycerides as a primary fuel

liver and skeletal muscle

elevated blood glucose and amino acids stimulate what?

Insulin

what two organs do not need insulin?

brain and liver

what is goal of the postabsorptive state?

maintain glucose between meals

what are the sources of glucose during the postabsorptive state?

glycogenolysis in liver (first reserve)

glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle (second reserve)

lipolysis ( third reserve fat breakdown)

catabolism ( fourth reserve, breaking down protein= starvation)

what is glucose sparing

“rationing glucose”. under extreme limitation the body will limit where the stored glucose is going to make sure the brain gets some

when starving the brain uses =

when starving the body uses =

glucose

keytones

how is the postabsorptive state stimulated

reduced insulin release and a drop in blood glucose levels drop

cholesterol is ____ an energy source

not

chloesterol is a ____ protein

liver