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Genesis chapter 17
G-d’s covenant to Abraham to be fruitful and also promised the land of Canaan, and circumcision. His son isaac, will have 12 sons, the 12 kings of the tribes.
Exodus chapter 20
G-d’s 10 commandments to moses
Chronicles II chapter 36
King Jehoiakim and his successors, including the Babylonian captivity of Judah, Zedekiah rebels against Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldeans taking over Jerusalem, start of the sabbath, cyrus of Persia building temple
plato’s allegory of the cave
Difference between philosophers kings who can see and look for the truth vs. the people who only believe what they see as the truth
Plato’s apology of socrates
speech of socrates’s defense of not believing in the gods, and corrupting the youth. Socrates claims that those who think differently get killed by the government will lead to the collapse of athens
sermon on the mount
compassion: turn the other cheek, if you gossip, check yourself first, marrying divorced wife is adultery, if your body reacts its adultery chop it off
Nicene creed
Nicene creed=one god, the trinity, Jesus is god, baptism, decided by council of Nicaea
The night journey
Muhammad (PBUH) traveled from Mecca to Jerusalem on Buraq, a winged horse to the 7 levels of heaven to meet prophets and Allah. Found Salat and negotiated to 5 times a day with Allah.
Qur’an excerpt from the second Sura
Recognizes similarity between people of the book, common prophets (abraham, moses, etc.), states 5 pillars of Islam as way to complete covenant w/ Allah.
70 CE
Romans destroyed the second temple, took over Jerusalem, and caused diaspora to the Jewish population.
399 BCE
Socrates’s death, plato’s apology of socrates, he defended himself, killed by leaders of athens
313 CE
Edict of Milan, Christianity became tolerated and legal by emperor Constantine
476 CE
The western half of the Roman empire fell to the Germanic invaders
1054 CE
The Great Schism between the Western and Eastern Halves of the roman empire; the permanent split between Roman Catholic Christianity and Eastern Orthodox Christianity.
622 CE
Muhammad (PBUH) made Hijra/Hejra or broke ties and made his journey from Mecca to Medina to excapre prosecution. He built his followers there to form an army and took back Mecca in the year 630 CE.
Yahweh
God of Israelites, creation, mercy, love, compassion
Tiglath- pileser III
Assyria: conquered kingdom of Israel (n), siege catapult and siege towers
Neo-Babylonian empire
Chaldees: Nebuchadnezzar conqueror Judah (s), Babylonian exile of judeans. leader: Nebuchadnezzar
Persian empire
Achaemenid dynasty
Cyrus the great
Greatest king of Persia, ended Babylonian captivity of the ancient hebrews, could be dhul qarnayqn in quaran
Darius
persian ruler, Created satrapies, built Persepolis, roads and qanats
Satrapy/satrapies
Provinces of Persian empire
Satrap
Governor appointed by emperor, family lives in capitol to prevent retaliation
Qanats
Underground aqueducts
Zoroastrianism
Vedic Religion of Persian empire, mostly monotheistic
Zoroaster
Phrophet of Zoroastrianism
Avesta
Sacred text of Zoroastrianism
Ahura mazda
Supreme deity of Zoroastrianism
Angra mainyu
Destructive spirit of Zoroastrianism
Spenta meynu
Good spirit of Zoroastrianism
Torah
5 Books of Moses, Pentateuch, tanakh
Babylonian exile/captivity
Neobabylonians captured judea, exiled noble/educated into babylon
Abrahams covenants
G-d promises many descendants, land of Canaan, Abraham will follow g-ds laws and perform circumcision
Moses
Lead ppl from Egypt through the Red Sea to the Sinai peninsula, lived as nomadic pastoralists, conquered Canaan at end of Moses’s life against philistines
David
Killed Goliath, played lyre and composes songs for g-d becomes psalms and hymns in the tanakh, 2nd king and built Jerusalem
Saul
First king mentor of David
Solomon
3rd king, built temple in Jerusalem, overtaxed the people
mezuzah
contains Deuteronomy (scroll), one of the 5 books of moses
shema
declaration of faith, prayer
Kippah/yarmulke
skull cap
pesach
passover, commemorates the exodus
rosh hashanah
jewish new year, shofar is blown
yom kippur
day of atonement, fast sunset to sunset
kosher
dietary laws
b’rit milah
circumcision
bar/bat mitzvah
coming of age for religious duties
shiva
ritual of mourning
mitzvah
commandments of g-d
sefer
scroll of law
diaspora
dispersion of jewish people from origin
Minoan age
2000- 1400 BCE, original habitants of Crete, bronze, written script, sea-faring traders. contained city of Knossos, largest palace site.
Mycenean age
1600 BCE - 1100 BCE, first Greek city-state writing was developed from the Minoans, war with Troy c. 1250 BCE, late bronze age collapse
Acropolis
Religious center
Agora
marketplace, plaza bellow acropolis
Polis
City-state
Greek dark age
after collapse of Mycenaean, population decline and food shortage. transition of bronze to iron, migration to smaller islands, Phoenician alphabet
Homer
Iliad and the odyssey used as texts for male education
Phonecians
seafaring civilization in the eastern Mediterranean around 1500 BCE, known for their trade, They developed the first alphabet
hoplites
infantry citizen men w/ armor, spears, and round shield fought in phalanx formation
phalanx
rectangle formation
Sparta
conquered messenia laconia enslaved the population (helots), militarized oligarchy, oligarchy w/ 2 kings, 5 ephors, and 28 elders. imposed a ban of philosophy, lycurgus reform
Hellenic Greece
800-325 BCE, development of city-states and surrounding community with common culture, language and identity
Athens
from monarchy to aristocratic with increased farmers sold into slavery, to tyrants and formed Athenian democracy (direct) , controlled delian league, economy based off trade and agriculture
1st persian war
started by ionian greek city-states with the support of athens, darius attacked mainland greece, greek hoplites defeated the persians (themistocles)
pericles
expanded democracy (more power for people) and the empire of athens, rebuilt athens after persian wars w/ money from the Delian league
cleisthenes
founder for athenian democracy against nobles, imposed democratic reform
Demos
the people, organized into 10 sections called demes
leonidas
king of sparta and hero who defended against the persians’ navy in the 2nd persian war
2nd persian war
xerxes invaded greece, against leonides Greece won but athens was mainly destroyed
plague
plague in athens killed 1/3 of the population during the Peloponnesian war
trireme
greek warship with pointed front to ram other boats
parthenon
temple dedicated to athena which sits atop the acropolis of Athens
delian league
founded after the persian wars to protect the ionian greeks, protected by athens and held the treasury
peloponnesian war
athens and the delian league against sparta and its allies. athens weakened after death of pericles, sparta recieved fundings from persia for a better navy which defeated athens
trojan war
in Troy caused when Paris, a Trojan prince, abducted Helen, Greeks (Achaeans) waged war and won, Troy was destroyed
Noah
covenant with G-d for no more floods, built ark with his family and animals
Jacob (Israel)
G-d had covenant promising him 12 offspring
Judea
split from Israel, the southern kingdom, eventually conquered by the neo-babylonBabyloniansians, eventually became the Jews
Israel
The northern kingdom, conquered by the Assyrians who deported the people (creates 12 tribes of Israel)
Canaanites/ Philistines
lived in the region of Canaan, people disposed by the tribes of Israel after the exodus from Egypt
Assyrians
conquered the northern kingdom of Israel, deported the people (lost tribes of Israel)
3 main branches of judiasm
reform, conservative, orthodox
Lycurgus
Made lycurgus in Sparta, militarized state, military education (males), 20 enroll, 30 vote, military until 60 yrs
Golden Age of Athens
Pericles continued democratic reforms, power to the assembly of 50 reps, the council of 500, and people’s courts, rebuild of Athens
Alexander the Great
tutored by aristotle, invaded Persian empire, Hellenistic kingdoms start after his death
Hellenistic Era
Hellenistic= Greek+ pre-existing culture, 4 main kingdoms ruled by Greece/Macedonia, money for beautification, science, philosophy
Etruscans
Italian peninsula, latin- speaking (monarchy), eventually established republic
Jewish revolt
zealots advocated for overthrowing roman rule, result in jerusalem destroyed, colony placed, and Judea being renamed to Syria-Palestine
Diaspora of Judeans
caused by Judean revolt resulting second temple being destoyed by romans and deported to carthage
Edict of milan (313)
emperor Constantine made Christianity tolerated and legal
Council of Nicaea and Nicene Creed (325)
The council was a meeting of bishops who are the leaders of the church, decides on beliefs/practices of christianity. Nicene creed=one god, the trinity, jesus is god, baptism
Great Schism (1054)
permanent split between roman catholic and eastern orthodox
Pontius Pilate
the official who looked over Jesus’s trial and ordered cruxification
Constatine
issued edict of milan to tolerate Christanity, made Constantinople the capital, called first council of Nicaea
Theodosius
mad nicene christianity official religion of the Roman empire
disciples
originally 12, are students of jesus
Apostles/ apostolic era
teachers of faith, ex: paul. Era after Jesus’s death and death of the last apostle.
Paul of tarsus
Saul → St. paul: his letters (pauline epistles) helped standardize beliefs and practices, became most of the new testament
pharisees
follows all of tanukh, torah, wants to preserve old waybelieved messiah would bring world peace
zealots
opposed Roman rule, supported violent overthrowing of Roman Gov.