Unit 5 AP Bio Heredity

arrangement of an individual's complete set of chromosomes- 22 pairs of autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes

paired chromosomes with the same gene sequence

Chromosomes that determine an individual's sex.

Chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes.

The stage where chromosomes condense, and homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material through crossing over.

The stage of meiosis I where homologous chromosomes separate and move toward opposite poles.

The stage of meiosis II where sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles.

Cells containing two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent.

Cells containing a single set of unpaired chromosomes.

The point where chromatids exchange genetic material during crossing over in meiosis.

A group of four chromatids formed by synapsis at the beginning of meiosis.

The pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis.

The phenotypic ratio resulting from a monohybrid cross, showing the dominant and recessive traits in the F2 generation.

The principle that alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation.

The principle that each gamete receives only one of each pair of alleles.

A genetic situation in which one allele does not completely dominate another allele, resulting in a new phenotype.

A genetic situation in which both alleles are expressed in the phenotype.

one gene produces multiple effects

The interaction between genes at different loci, affecting the expression of one or more traits.

Three or more alternative forms of a gene (alleles) that can occupy the same locus.

Traits that are controlled by more than one gene.

A genetic condition caused by an autosomal recessive allele, requiring two copies for the trait to be expressed.

A genetic condition caused by an autosomal dominant allele, requiring only one copy for the trait to be expressed.

A gene located on the X chromosome.

Offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent.

An abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, resulting from nondisjunction during cell division.

The DNA located in the mitochondria, inherited maternally.

The study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression rather than alteration of the genetic code itself.

The ability of an organism with a given genotype to change its phenotype in response to changes in the environment.