History Test 1

The transition development from small, nomadic groups to groups of people in towns cities etc

Easily accessible water, agricultural advancement, development of communication, development of religion, a social structures

old Stone Age. no crops or raising animals. learned how to control fire. stone tools

New Stone Age. domesticated livestock, crop storage, writing systems, communication improvement

Between the tigers and Euphrates rivers, receives little rain. Greek for Mesopotamia

the land today known as Iraq. civilization developed writing, law codes, and economic specialization

Having many gods; belief in or the worship of more than one god.

the base of 12 and 60. base 60 is still used in a modified form today. 60 sec, 1 min, 60 min, also used for measuring angles

Sumerian writing using wedge-shaped symbols, pressed characters into clay tablets

an epic poem that records the exploits of a legendary king, Gilgamesh, who embarks on a search for the secret of immortality

stepped pyramids

the first great capital that was built by king Sennacherib

the oldest known library

military victories, tech advancements, using torture

Persian religion, monotheistic, named after Zoroaster, ahuramazda is good, Ahriman is bad

an elite group of 10,000 soldiers. the dead were immediately replaced. responsible to guard shah the king

freeing the jewish captives and allowing them to return their homeland. captured Babylonia

was in power when the persian empire was at its height. successor of Cyrus, invades the greek mainland

provinces, each ruled by satraps(governor)

leader of the Akkadians. legend says he was found as a baby floating in a basket in the river.earliest and great empire builders.

having only one god

purple die/cloth made from murex(sea snails). royal purple. expensive

ancient Phoenician city located on the northern coast of Africa

known for sailing and sea trade. created one of the first great commercial empires

22 symbols that represented sounds

one of the seven wonders of the ancient world

was the most well known ruler, rebuilt Babylon

Hittites was the first to make iron tools and weapons, stronger and cheaper

the Lydians

collection of 282 law codes

well-disciplined army of foot soldiers who carried weapons

its unifies upper and lower Egypt annual floods=surpluses of food natural barriers to Invasion

gods associated with heavenly bodies and natural forces

first god, creator god

Sun god

patron god of Thebes

lord of the underworld

god of the sun disc

Old kingdom Middle Kingdom new kingdom

pharaohs=gods age of prosperity pyramids built during this time

golden age pharaoh=Shepard of his people

became the most powerful state in the middle east pharaohs had massive wealth new militaristic path

united both upper and lower Egypt into a single kingdom and created the first Egyptian royal dynasty

built first stepped pyramid

architect that designed djosers pyramid. later made a god by the Egyptians

built pyramid at medium, built another pyramid at dasher built 3 pyramids that lasted to this day

largest pyramid built under his rule, the great pyramid

reuniting Egypt, first pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom

considered one of Egypts greatest pharaohs was a queen

succeed hatshepsput, led seventeen military campaigns into syria and canaan and even reached the euphrates river.

introduced the worship of aten, god of sun disk as the supreme god and later in his reign as the only god.

Akhenaten’s wife. She is known for the Nefertiti Bust, one of the most iconic Egyptian works of art.

restored the old gods. The first tumb that was found and intact and had the most artifacts

he found king tuts tomb

regained control of canaan, but new invasions in the thirteenth century by the sea people as the egyptans c

established the capital at tanks, in the northeast nile river

Largest pyramid, was built under King Khufu. to remind the power of the pharaoh

a sphinx has the head of a human, the body of a lion, no known purpose

Mastabas (small buildings with a flat roof) were built for the king’s officials.

-Mummification was done to ensure the preservation of the physical body so that the spirit, or “double” of the person could return/continue to live after the physical death.

spiritual body in ancient egypt.The “double” of the person, which remained in the tomb. It needed the offerings and items buried with the mummy.

The “soul” of a person, able to leave the tomb at times and return to it.

The “spirit” of a person, which had to travel through the Underworld and Face judgement.

they conquered Egypt

yes because they had better the and military skills, horse war chariots swell

tried to introduce the worship of aten, as the supreme god,

no his attempt at religious change did not succeed

paper made from the interior of the papyrus plant

pictures bases written system with around 1000 character

hieroglyphics was lost until 1799 with the discovery of the Rosetta Stone (4 ft. x 2ft.). It is so called because it was discovered in Rosetta

known as the border river

Writing system not yet deciphered. Harappan or indus script. Lines arrows symbols pictures etc

Harappa and Mohenjo Daro

•Mud-brick village/city surrounded by a mud-brick wall •35,000 people at its height (similar in size to Meridian) •Sewage system that carried sewage outside the city •Some three story houses •Flush toilets in every house! Private wells! •We know they traded with the Sumerians. •Polytheistic – Mother goddess of sorts plus others •Known for producing excellent pottery (black/red) and sculpture •Did not build large monuments, temples, etc., like in Mesopotamia and Egypt. •May have been the first civilization to create a uniform system of weights and measures – common units for length, weight, etc.

pastoral people from central asia

Claimed to be representatives of the gods, they were not viewed as gods themselves Orginally a cheiftain in the aryan society of early india, a representative of the gods later used more generally to denote a ruler

the law that governs the universe and specifically human behavior

founder of the mauryan dynasty

Chinese silk, culture, also diseases(black death plague)

Chinese people east ethnic

Cai Lun

•State Confucianism •Confucian doctrine with Legalist institutions (blend Chinese belief system that focuses on the importance of personal ethics and morality

•Officials on the basis of merit (chosen by the emperor) •165BCE: The first civil service examination •Established academy to train government officials

liu band

a canal linking both rivers, built for military reasons, and to move supplies across china faster, first canal to connect two river valleys

Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi was constantly worried about invasions from the north. China was vulnerable to the north. They had problems with nomad invasions. Individual cities to the north began building walls, but the nomads tended to hop from city to city. It was a constant problem. Qin Shi sent workers by the hundreds of thousands north to build an even bigger/better wall, which is the precursor to the Great Wall of China. Their job was to link sections of existing walls and strengthen some sections of existing walls. Some sections of the Qin portions of the wall still stand today.

-Eliminate the powers of the landed aristocrats •Peasants taxed and controlled by thestate •Adopted a unified system of weights and measures •Adopted unified/standard money •Unified the Chinese script – writing system/language •Provided for road construction throughout the empire

SunTzu writes The Art of War during this period, a book on military strategy and tactics.

TheZhou dynasty fell apart partly because the king let ruling positions ( chiefs/governors)in each territory become a hereditary position – rather than being an appointed position every time a chief died. One of these territories is Qin (*Chin). It gains power and conquers the neighboring territories/states during the “Warring States Period”, beginning the Qin dynasty.

bad and evil

good

a Chinese philosophy that argued that human beings were by nature evil and would follow the correct path only if coerced by harsh laws and stiff punishments. Adopted as official ideology by the Qin Dynasty, it was later rejected but remained influential. Believed in a very powerful government, passing many rules and regulations

1.Governmentshould be open to all men, not just those of noble birth. 2.Humans are by nature good. 3.It is the duty of humans to work hard to improve your life on earth – It will not be easy. It requires action. 4. He did not believe in democracy – individuals should not elect their leaders. The masses were not intelligent enough to select leaders on their own. 5. He did not believe in hereditary selection of rulers (a practice prevalent during the Zhou dynasty). He thought rulers should be selected on the basis of how they treated others, or their morality/ethics. Rulers should be chosen by merit, not birth. 6.He believed that if rulers ruled justly/correctly, then people would follow them.

they were all a capital city

•Founded by Lao Tzu or “Laozi” (who may or may not have existed) •Philosopher turned god? •Philosophy concerned with behavior •The action of humans is unimportant – The focus is not necessarily on what you do, but what you don’t do. •The inaction of humans is important – Don’t act on desires that could take you off track. • Humans should not interfere. They should live in harmony with nature – balance is key. •Each person has a dao (way). Think of it as your “Life track” or “path”. • Don’t struggle and get off track – Don’t try to upend thenatural order of things.

•Dualism •Represents the interaction of forces in society •Yin & Yang •Dark & Light •Moon & Sun •Everything is connected and should remain in balance •There is good in bad, and bad in good •Harmony is key •Neither is evil, but too much of either can cause problems

•Early beliefs •Universal order known as heaven (Tian) – the supreme power in the sky •Daoism •Proper forms of behavior •Not action, but inaction •Confucianism •Behave in accordance with the Dao •Duty and hard work •Compassion and empathy •Legalism •Humans evil by nature •Social order by firm action by the state •Popular beliefs •Spiritualistic and animistic beliefs •Interest in the occult and astrology •Veneration of ancestors

•Land worked by peasants for their family •Land worked by peasants for the king •Nine squares

Zhou kings sought shift from ancestor worship (Shang custom). Heaven maintained order on earth through the king. He was a representative of the gods. If he ruled well (as he should), things would go smoothly. If he didn’t, he would be overthrown. This was their explanation for why they had been able to defeat the Shang.