Unit 6: Industrialization and Its Effects (copy)

The period of rapid economic growth and technological advancement that occurred in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries, characterized by the shift from manual labor to machine-based manufacturing and the growth of factories and urban centers.

The use of machines to perform tasks that were previously done by hand, which began in the late 18th century in Britain and spread to other parts of Europe, leading to increased productivity, lower costs, and higher profits for manufacturers.

The process of people moving from rural areas to cities, which began in Europe in the late 18th century and accelerated in the 19th century due to the growth of factories and mechanized production, leading to both positive and negative effects on living standards, social mobility, and social problems.

Refers to the United Kingdom, which was the first country to undergo industrialization in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

One of the first industries to be mechanized in the UK, with the invention of the spinning jenny and the power loom leading to increased productivity and lower costs.

The development of steam power and the steam engine by James Watt and others revolutionized transportation and manufacturing, allowing factories to be located away from water sources and enabling the creation of railways and steamships.

The UK's industrialization had significant social and economic impacts, including the growth of cities, the rise of the middle class, and the exploitation of workers in factories and mines.

The UK's industrialization also had global implications, as it led to the growth of imperialism and the spread of industrialization to other countries.

A mythical figure who was said to have destroyed a weaving machine in the late 18th century, after whom the Luddite movement was named.

The belief that new technology will take away jobs and reduce wages, which was the main reason for the Luddite protests.

The Luddites were known for their violent protests, which included destroying machinery and attacking factory owners.

The use of various media channels to promote products or services to a large audience with the goal of creating brand awareness and influencing consumer behavior.

The manufacturing of goods on a large scale using standardized processes and machinery, allowing for efficient production of goods at a lower cost and leading to the growth of large corporations and consumer culture.

The availability of leisure activities and entertainment to a large segment of the population, including sports, movies, music, and theme parks, which has been linked to the growth of tourism and entertainment industry.

The participation of large numbers of people in the political process, facilitated by the development of political parties, mass media, and social movements, leading to the increased influence of public opinion on policy-making.

The wealthiest and most powerful individuals in society, typically aristocrats, landowners, and industrialists who owned large factories and businesses.

Made up of professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, and teachers, as well as small business owners and managers. They were generally well-educated and had a comfortable standard of living.

The largest class in society and consisted of factory workers, miners, and other laborers. They had little political power and often lived in poverty, working long hours in dangerous and unhealthy conditions.

The poorest and most marginalized individuals in society, such as the unemployed, homeless, and those living in slums. They had little to no access to education, healthcare, or other basic necessities.

A cultural ideology that idealized women's role in the home and family, emphasizing their domestic duties and virtues.

The tasks and responsibilities assigned to women in the home, such as cooking, cleaning, and child-rearing.

Positive qualities or traits that are considered morally good, such as piety, purity, and submissiveness.

A family consisting of parents and their children.

The social and cultural expectations and norms associated with being a man or a woman.

A family where parents invest more time and resources in their children's education and upbringing.

A series of meetings held in Vienna, Austria in 1815 to reorganize Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and establish a new balance of power.

Individuals who attended the Congress of Vienna on behalf of their respective countries, including Austria, Prussia, Russia, France, and Great Britain.

A system in which no single country or group of countries has too much power, preventing any one nation from dominating others and potentially causing future wars.

A series of uprisings that occurred in France, Belgium, and Poland, demanding constitutional reforms and greater political participation.

A form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, which outlines the powers and limitations of the monarch.

A series of uprisings that occurred in several European countries, demanding political and social reforms, including the establishment of constitutional monarchies, universal suffrage, and the abolition of serfdom.

The right of all adult citizens to vote in elections, regardless of their social status, gender, or race.

A socialist government established by the people of Paris, France, in an attempt to create a more equal society.

An unsuccessful revolution that took place in Russia, demanding political and social reforms, including the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, universal suffrage, and the abolition of serfdom.

A conflict fought between Greece and the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1832, with the Greeks seeking to establish an independent state, free from Ottoman rule.

An uprising against Tsar Nicholas I in December 1825 led by a group of liberal nobles who sought to establish a constitutional monarchy in Russia, which was quickly suppressed by the Tsar's forces.

A series of uprisings against Russian rule in Poland in 1830-1831 and 1863-1864, brutally suppressed by the Russian army, with Poland remaining under Russian rule until the end of World War I.

The first Russian ruler to travel to the West, who introduced several reforms to modernize Russia, including the establishment of a navy, the introduction of Western-style clothing, and the creation of the Table of Ranks to promote individuals based on merit rather than social status.

A ruler who continued Peter the Great's modernization efforts and expanded Russia's territory through military conquests, introducing reforms in education, culture, and law, including the establishment of the Smolny Institute for Noble Maidens and the implementation of the Charter to the Nobility.

A ruler who introduced several reforms aimed at modernizing Russia's economy and society, including the establishment of the Ministry of Education and the creation of a network of public schools, abolishing serfdom in 1861.

A conservative ruler who opposed many of the liberal reforms introduced by his predecessors, strengthening the power of the secret police and introducing censorship laws to suppress dissent, expanding Russia's territory through military conquests.

Known as the "Tsar Liberator" for his major reforms, including the abolition of serfdom, the establishment of local self-government, and the creation of an

The belief that one's nation is superior to others and should have its own independent state.

The practice of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or economic domination.

The belief that the means of production should be owned and controlled by the workers, rather than by capitalists.

A form of socialism that advocates for the abolition of private property and the establishment of a classless society.

A group of English textile workers who protested against the introduction of new machinery during the Industrial Revolution.

A revolution in France in 1789 that inspired similar movements across Europe.

A movement to end the slave trade and slavery itself, successful in many countries by the mid-19th century.

A movement for women's right to vote and greater legal and economic rights.

A movement advocating for greater economic equality and the abolition of capitalism.

A movement of workers seeking to improve their working conditions and wages.

A right-wing political party in Britain that strongly believes in traditional values and institutions.

A left-wing political party in Britain that strongly believes in individual freedom and social justice.

A center-right party that advocates for lower taxes, smaller government, and a free-market economy.

A center-left party that advocates for a more regulated economy, higher taxes on the wealthy, and social welfare programs.

The oldest political party in Germany, advocating for social democracy, workers' rights, and progressive policies.

A socialist party representing the interests of the working class, advocating for nationalization of key industries, expansion of the welfare state, and support for workers' rights.

The first Marxist political party in Russia, played a significant role in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet Union.

A prominent Austrian statesman who served as the Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire from 1809 to 1848. He is known for his conservative policies and opposition to liberalism and nationalism, as well as his role in the Congress of Vienna which sought to restore stability to Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

Russian emperor (1801-1825) who defeated Napoleon in 1812 and helped establish the Holy Alliance. He also implemented reforms, such as creating the first Russian university and easing censorship.

French diplomat and politician who served under Napoleon Bonaparte and Louis XVIII. He played a key role in negotiating the Treaty of Vienna, which reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Talleyrand was known for his wit and ability to adapt to changing political climates.

British politician who served as Foreign Secretary from 1812 to 1822. He played a key role in the Congress of Vienna, which reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Castlereagh was a strong advocate for maintaining a balance of power among European nations and worked to prevent another major war. He also helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris, which ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. Despite his accomplishments, Castlereagh faced criticism and even assassination threats for his policies.

German statesman who served as the Prime Minister of Prussia from 1810 to 1822. He implemented several reforms, including the abolition of serfdom and the introduction of a new legal code. He also played a key role in the Congress of Vienna, working alongside Metternich to establish a new balance of power in Europe.

A German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary who developed the theory of communism.

A Scottish economist, philosopher, and author who is considered the father of modern economics and wrote "The Wealth of Nations."

An English philosopher and physician who is considered one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers and wrote "Two Treatises of Government."

An Austrian-British economist and philosopher who is known for his defense of classical liberalism and wrote "The Road to Serfdom."

A Lithuanian-American anarchist political activist and writer who played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy.

A Russian-American writer and philosopher who is known for her philosophy of Objectivism and wrote "Atlas Shrugged" and "The Fountainhead."

An American philosopher who is known for his work on social justice and wrote "A Theory of Justice."

An American linguist, philosopher, and political activist who is known for his work on linguistics and his criticism of US foreign policy.

Invented by James Hargreaves | A multi-spindle spinning frame that revolutionized the textile industry by increasing the production of yarn. |

Invented by Richard Arkwright; A water-powered spinning frame that produced stronger and finer yarns than the Spinning Jenny. |

Invented by James Watt; A heat engine that uses steam to generate power, which was used to power factories and transportation.

Invented by Eli Whitney; A machine that quickly and efficiently removed seeds from cotton fibers, increasing cotton production and profitability.

Invented by Edmund Cartwright; A mechanized loom that used water power to weave cloth, increasing textile production.

Invented by Samuel Morse; A device that used electrical signals to transmit messages over long distances, revolutionizing communication.

Invented by Robert Fulton; A steam-powered boat that could travel upstream, making transportation of goods and people faster and more efficient.

Invented by Henry Bessemer; A method for mass-producing steel by blowing air through molten iron to remove impurities, making steel production faster and cheaper.

Invented by Alexander Graham Bell; A device that transmitted sound over electrical wires, revolutionizing communication and paving the way for modern telecommunications.

Invented by Thomas Edison; An electric light that revolutionized indoor lighting and made it possible to work and live after dark.

Invented by Nikolaus Otto; An engine that burns fuel inside the engine to produce power, which revolutionized transportation and industry.

Invented by Alfred Nobel; An explosive that was safer and more stable than previous explosives, revolutionizing construction and mining.

Invented by Elias Howe; A machine that mechanized sewing, making it faster and more efficient, and revolutionizing the textile industry.

Invented by Jacob Perkins; A system for cooling and preserving food and other perishable items, revolutionizing food storage and transportation.

Invented by Christopher Latham Sholes; A machine that printed letters and characters on paper, revolutionizing written communication and paving the way for modern word processing.

A group of English textile workers who protested against the introduction of new machinery during the Industrial Revolution.