Gene Expression Unit Test

DNA directs the synthesis of proteins

synthesis of RNA using info in the DNA, happens in nucleus

synthesis of a polypeptide using info in mRNA, happens in ribosomes

dont have nuclei, nuclear membranes dont separate DNA and mRNA from ribosomes

have nuclei, nuclear envelope separates transcription from translation

AUG or Met

RNA polymerase

noncoding strand

RNA polymerase binds to promoter, DNA unwinds, polymerase initiates RNA synthesis at start point

polymerase unwinds DNA and elongates RNA transcript 5’ → 3’, DNA strands re-form double helix

RNA transcripts released, polymerase detaches from DNA

binds to polymerase and initiates transcription

sequence that signals end of transcription

facilitate export of mRNA from nucleus, protect mRNA from degradation by hydrolytic enzymes

noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding regions

sequences of RNA that exit the nucleus

RNA molecules that function as enzymes

makes up ribosomes together with proteins

carries genetic material from DNA to protein synthesizing machinery of cell

transfers amino acids from cytoplasmic pool of amino acids to growing polypeptides in a ribosome

base pairs with specific mRNA codon

contain RNA, assemble proteins

holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain

holds tRNA carrying next amino acid to be added to the chain

discharged tRNAs leave through it

change in nucleotide sequence of an organisms DNA or in the DNA or RNA of a virus

changes in a single nucleotide pair of a gene

nucleotides are inserted/deleted from gene and number isnt a multiple of 3, resulting in improper grouping of nucleotides into codons

nucleotide pair substitution, results in a codon that codes for different amino acid

changes an amino acid codon to one of the three stop codons, resulting in shorter and non-functional protein

adding or deleting one or more nucleotide pairs to/from a gene

nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype

chemical/physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation

coding strand

three based sequence found on mRNA

100-200 adenine nucleotides, increases stability, helps with exporting from nucleus

modified guanine nucleotide, protects transcript, helps ribosome attach to mRNA

process of splicing introns and connecting retained exons in mature mRNA transcript

introduce viral RNA, not DNA, into host cells

copies viral RNA into viral DNA

can lead to imbalances and diseases

on/off switch that can control the whole group of genes, controls access of RNA polymerase to promoter

promoter, operator, and genes they control

acetyl groups are attached to positively charged lysines in histone tails, loosens chromatin structure, promotes initiation of transcription

addition of methyl groups to certain bases in DNA, condenses chromatin and reduces transcription

inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms not directly involving nucleotide sequence

transcription factor (protein) that binds to a switch and stimulates transcription of a gene

stretches of DNA that can be used to promote synthesis

used to assist with promotion/inhibition of protein synthesis

reversible modifications of DNA or histones

proteins used to wrap DNA around

groups of cells that have same function

cells in the same organism having different phenotypes

results in development from undifferentiated cell to differentiated

closely linked genes that produce a single mRNA molecule during transcription

can control expression of all genes at same time

molecules that can bind to regulatory protein and cause it to change shape

DNA sequences where RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription

having three copies of a particular chromosome

having multiple sets of homologous chromosomes

DNA not protected by proteins or other molecules

transmission of foreign DNA into a cell when a viral genome integrates with host genome

cell-to-cell transfer of DNA

movement of DNA segments in and between DNA molecules

binds to operator and blocks RNA polymerase from attaching to promoter, prevents transcription

stimulated when molecule interacts with regulatory proteins

activated by a corepressor and can then bind to operator and block transcription

point where an embryonic cell is irreversibly committed to becoming a particular cell type

unspecialized cells that can reproduce themselves and differentiate into different tissues

can be returned to their undifferentiated state and then turn into any cell