UW PSYCH 101 FINAL (dr. andelin)

prefrontal cortex

hippocampus

cerebellum

amygdala

temporal lobe

loss of memory for events preceding a trauma

loss of memory for events following a trauma

memory for knowledge and general facts

access to older memories is impaired by newer memories

access to newer memories is impaired by older memories

memory bias, flashbulb memories, misattribution, suggestibility, false memories

enhanced activity that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons

the environment in which learning takes place provides a cue that aids your access to the information

being in the same internal state as when you learned the information provides a cue that helps you access the information

remembering events/obligations that will happen in the future

an internal representation of the world; an organization of concepts and actions that can be revised by new information about the world

an item's distinct features are linked in a way that helps us identify the item

1. encoding

2. storage

3. retrieval

learning without reinforcement

learn to engage in a behavior or not after seeing others being rewarded or punished for that action

learning by reinforcement

individual learns about a stimulus

a type of non-associative learning that occurs when a person is exposed to a stimulus for a long time, or repeatedly. the individual habituates meaningless events around them - events that are not helpful or relevant.

a type of non-associative learning that occurs when an individual is exposed to a stimulus for a long time or repeatedly and then has an increased behavioral response.

dreams may have no meaning at all. they represent random activity from the brainstem that is sent to the cortex, where this information is synthesized into a story or explanation for these random inputs and memory consolidation.

dreams provide insight to subconscious thoughts and they constitute a disguised attempt at wish fulfillment. this cannot be proven.

hypnotized people aren't in an altered state, but they behave in a way that is expected.

hypnosis causes an altered state in which awareness is separated

the simultaneous processing of information at both the conscious and unconscious levels

pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythms

beta waves

alpha waves

no singular brain region is responsible for "awareness"

delta waves

beta waves

theta waves

theta waves

1. what is the claim that i'm being asked to accept?

2. what evidence (if any) is provided to support the claim?

3. given the evidence, what are the most reasonable conclusions about the claim - should it be accepted or rejected?

opened first psychology lab in 1879 in germany

spearheaded by wilhelm wundt, margaret washburn, edward titchener. used introspection to reveal the structure of the human mind. belief that the conscious experience can be broken down into underlying parts

spearheaded by william james and mary calkins; based on darwin's theory of evolution. advantageous variations are more likely to be genetically passed down and obsolete variations tend to die out. focused on adaptive purposes served by behavior & mental processes.

freud's belief that thoughts & actions are influenced by unconscious mental forces. "talking theory" like mental therapy. psychological disorders were thought to be caused by conflict between unconscious thoughts vs acceptable behavior

spearheaded by maslow & rogers. investigates how people grow to become happier & more fulfilled. focuses on people's innate, basic goodness.

spearheaded by miller & neisser: argued that learning was not as simple as behaviorists believed. study of how people think, learn, & remember.

biological, mental & physical health, cognitive, developmental, social & personality

descarte: mental & physical experiences are distinct & separate

spearheaded by john b. watson & b.f. skinner: describes behavior in response to environmental stimuli

improving (growth mindset) monitoring (plan & check progress) practicing (repeated, short sessions) attending (selective attention, ignore distractions) connecting (use cues) thinking deeply (elaboration)

guardians of ethical guidelines, composed of administrators, legal advisors, trained scholars, & members of the community

privacy, confidentiality, informed consent, protection from harm

method of research advantage: provides a lot of data about a specific case disadvantage: can be very subjective

method of research advantage: can be very valuable in early stages of research disadvantage: observer bias, reactivity (people act differently if they know they're being watched)

method of research advantage: easy to administer, cheap, fast disadvantage: self-report bias, people may not recall information accurately

method of research: using two or more naturally-occurring methods to determine the strength of the relationship between them. advantages: rely on naturally-occurring relationships that may take place in a real-world setting disadvantages: can't demonstrate causal relationships, can't show the direction of the cause/effect relationship (directionality problem). an unidentified variable may be involved (third-variable problem)

method of research: examine how one variable that is manipulated affects another variable. determines causality. advantages: provides control over independent (manipulated) variable, avoids directionality problem disadvantages: manipulating something other than the independent variable can affect the dependent variable & lead to inaccurate conclusions. often take place in an artificial setting.

potential third variable

capacity of the brain to develop new neuropathways

reuptake, enzyme degradation, diffusion

reabsorbing neurotransmitters into the presynaptic neuron

the breaking down of neurotransmitters

neurotransmitters float away

determines where in the brain an action is occurring (i.e. PET scan, fMRI)

determines when the brain is active; time-sensitive. (i.e. EEG, MEG)

determines whether something causes a specific brain behavior (i.e. transcranial magnetic stimulation)

1. receives sensory input, 2) processes sensory information by paying attention to it, perceiving it, & remembering it, 3) responds to the information by acting on it.

consists of nerve cells in the brain & spinal cord

consists of the nerve cells outside of the brain & spinal cord

short, branch-like extensions of the cell body that receive signals from neighboring neurons

information from other neurons is collected & combined

transmits electrical impulses; vary tremendously in length.

located at the end of the axon; knoblike structure

where communication occurs between neurons

chemicals of communication that travel to the receiving neuron's dendrites

1. transmission, 2) reception, 3) integration

electrical signals travel along the axon and neurotransmitters are released from the terminal buttons in the synapse

dendrites of other neurons receive chemical signals

neurons assess & integrate the incoming signals

electrical charge inside the neuron is more negative than the outside

ions that enter & make the electrical charge inside the neuron more positive; if enough stimulation occurs, action potential is fired

message fires down the axon to release neurotransmitters. either fires or doesnt, no difference in strength. quickly repeated messages are more important

returns the neuron back to its resting state using a sodium potassium pump (pumps out sodium & pumps in potassium). during this period, the neuron is less likely to respond to incoming stimulation

fatty casing that insulates the axon, making fast neurocommunication possible

the neuron that sends the signal

the neuron that receives the signal

signals the excite the neuron. if the total amount of input exceeds a certain threshold, an action potential is fired (depolarization)

signals that inhibit the neuron & decrease the likelihood of firing an action potential (hyperpolarization)

communicate with other specific neurons, forming networks

neurotransmitter involved in motor control over muscles, attention, memory, learning, & sleeping

neurotransmitter involved in arousal & alertness "wake-up fairy" !!

neurotransmitter involved in emotional states, impulse control, dreaming

neurotransmitter involved in reward & motivation, motor control over voluntary movement

neurotransmitter involved in inhibition of action potentials, anxiety reduction, intoxication through alcohol

neurotransmitter involved in pain reduction & reward

neurotransmitter involved in the enhancement of action potentials, learning, & memory

drugs that enhance to actions of neurotransmitters (i.e. nicotine, caffeine)

drugs that inhibit the actions of neurotransmitters

medulla, pons, cerebellum

hindbrain structure involved in breathing, heart rate, and other survival mechanisms

hindbrain structure involved in sleep, arousal, left-right body movement coordination

hindbrain structure involved in motor learning, coordination, & balance