Pharaoh
It served as the link between the world of the gods and that of humans, making him the apex of Egyptian society.
Hatshepsut
She who presided as monarch for more than 20 years until the previous pharaoh's son could take over.
Nile
The ruling dynasty lost legitimacy when the ____ failed, upsetting Egyptian life, and local officials, members of the priestly class, or outsiders intervened, leading to the establishment of a new dynasty.
Hyksos
Around 1600 BCE, the Semitic people known as the ____ were one outsider group that took control.
Indus River civilization
The ____ left behind numerous artifacts and architectural remnants, but the writing has not yet been deciphered.
1500 BCE
Around ____, the Indo-Europeans arrived in northern India and brought with them social and class changes.
Indo-Europeans
Around 1500 BCE, the _____ arrived in northern India and brought with them social and class changes.
Vedas
The Sanskrit scripture where the Indo-European hierarchic and warlike society was narrated.
Aryan religion
Around 500 BCE, _____ was modified, and introduced by the Upanishads. Buddhism and Jainism was also introduced.
Gupta dynasty
Buddhism largely vanished from Indian society after reaching its peak of influence during the ______ (c. 350 CE) and Emperor Ashoka's reign (c. 280 BCE), but it did spread to China and Southeast Asia.
Zhou dynasty
The ______, which succeeded the Shang dynasty, also established itself as the sole bridge between the material world and the spiritual realm.
mandate of heaven
The Zhou emperors built up the Chinese empire by relying on a system of feudal ties and claiming the "______" as their justification for ruling.
Qin dynasty
The ______ unified China following the decline of Zhou power and centuries of civil wars.
Legalism
The imposition of absolute government power.
Confucianism
Legalism turned Han Dynasty into ______.
scholar-officials, farmers, artisans, and merchants
The four nonheritable social classes in Confucian society were the __________.
family
Confucians taught that the ____ was the foundation of society.
Xiongnu
The most formidable from the late Zhou to the post Han era.
Senators
Group of men who transferred the city-state into Republic and they belonged to a patrician aristocratic class.
Plebeians
They were legal citizens of the early republic, owned small plots of land, and had little influence over politics other than the ability to veto plebiscites and choose their own spokespeople.
Spartacus
In 73 BCE, he led a multitude of enraged slaves, and it took eight legions to put an end to the uprising.
Julius Caesar
On the Ides of March in 44 BCE, old-guard Republicans assassinated _____, the protagonist of the new imperial era, in the Senate.
Cuneiform
became the default script for laws and literature in the Near East after Ugarit reduced its symbols to just 30.
Phoenicians
The alphabet's perfected letter-sound correspondence made the ____ significant.
Vowels
____ were soon added by the Greeks, and the alphabet as we know it was created.
Israel
____ granted the prophet a position of institutional authority as a critic of the ruling king and priest, and the prophet's critique—once it was recorded—became a potent warning to succeeding generations about the limits of power.
Greece
______’s flourishing in the arts and sciences during the fifth century BCE was due to its encouragement of literacy among its populace.
Monastic societies
________ were often regarded as distinct from secular societies in ancient civilizations.
Benedict (c. 500 CE)
The father of the monastic movement in the West.
Vivarium
Benedict's library at _____ was the only Western library of the sixth century CE to remain operational following the fall of Rome.