AP European History - New Monarchs/Age of Exploration

won his throne when he defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in the Wars of the Roses, helped to restore royal authority and centralize power in England

Catholic until annulment with Catherine of Aragon, created Church of England, Act of Supremacy put him over the Pope, “The Father of the Royal Navy”

son of Jane Seymour, Protestant, dies young

Catholic, burns Protestants, brings England back to Catholicism

Protestant, restores Anglicanism, Elizabethan Settlement to reach Middle Way, signs Treaty of Burwick that installs James I as her heir instead of Mary Stuart

Protestant, son of Mary Stuart

Catholic, executed by Elizabeth I for Babington Plot

Spanish king originally married to Bloody Mary, conspired with Mary Stuart, part of Babington Plot, led Spanish Armada

French land tax

French tax collector

sources of revenue for new monarchs

local control of governments, history, and culture

the acceptance of diverse religions (Catholicism and Lutheranism)

judges for Spanish courts

unofficial police inside of towns and town courts, used violence to suppress violence

tribunals to convict heresy

200,000 Spanish Jews and conversos given 4 months to either honestly convert to Catholicism or leave Spain

driving of Muslims from Spain, completed by the defeat of Muslim Granada

Who succeeded Henry VIII?

What did Elizabeth I use to build alliances?

What kept Charles V from dealing with the internal strife caused by the Protestant Reformation and rise of Lutheranism?

legal agreement allowing each German ruler to determine whether residents of that state would be Catholic or Lutheran, “the faith of the ruler would become the faith of all”

failure to recognize the Church of England as the state religion was an act of treason

Catholic

Protestant

gold, God, glory

What did Europeans want to cut from Eastern trade?

What Renaissance ideal led the explorers in their search for glory?

What religious development increased the European desire to spread their fath?

Which countries was spreading religion most important to?

How did the Europeans explore and conquer in Asia, Africa, and New World?

expanded explorer motives

Which Portuguese ruler sparked Europe’s Age of Exploration?

Why did Prince Henry the Navigator encourage exploring?

What did the Portuguese want from Sub-saharan Africa?

What Medieval event motivated Europeans to find a new route to Asia?

What did Henry establish in 1419?

What type of empire do the Portuguese establish and what is the one exception?

What explorer sailed down to the Cape of Good Hope?

What explorer rounded the Cape of Good Hope, stopping at Muslim ports along Africa’s east cost in the Indian Ocean, and reached Calcutta, India?

From which two trading posts do the Portuguese launch expeditions to China and the Spice Islands?

What did the Portuguese lack that kept them from colonizing Asia?

accidentally discovered Brazil for Portugal

loosely aligned Medieval Era confederation of guilds, declined

consequences of Portuguese exploration

inhabitants of Hispaniola when Columbus landed

descendants of Spanish settlers and New World natives

explored the New England coastline for King Henry VII, led to English setlement of North America

divided world into 2 spheres for Portugal and Spain via an imaginary longitudinal line, giving the west to Spain and the east to Portugal

Where did the Mayans move when their civilization collapsed around 900 AD?

Where were Mayan descendants forced to live?

Aztec capital city

present day Tenochtitlan

Where did the Incas establish their empire?

governs on behalf of monarch

translation of “conquistador”

What did Hernan Cortes name the former Aztec Empire?

Why was Francisco Pizarro so easily able to conquer the Incas?

Where did the Spanish establish their Peruvian capital?

How did the Spanish so effectively conquer and control the native populations of Central/South America?

What did the Columbian Exchange facilitate the transatlantic transfer of between Europe, Americas, and Africa?

What did the Spanish strategize to make their New World colonies more like?

continents in the Triangular Trade

New to Old World in Columbian Exchange

Old to New World in Columbian Exchange

main consequences of the Columbian Exchange for Europe

main consequence of the Columbian Exchange for New World

main consequence of the Columbian Exchange for Africa

What was the primary market for African slaves prior to the Age of Exploration?

What cash crop increased the demand for African slaves and what were their plantations called?

What was the journey of slaves from Africa to the New World?

What were the causes of the Commercial revolution in Europe?

What did the Putting Out system lead to in Europe?

Why were joint stock companies formed?

What did mercantilism measure?

What was the overall aim of mercantilist theory in regards to the balance of trade?

What were the consequences of the Commercial revolution?

middle class who earned their wealth in commercial ventures, or rural aristocrats

system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials

How did Ferdinand and Isabella find new sources of income to fund exploration?

What became Spain’s largest source of wealth?

Henry VII defeated Richard

Henry VII’s court to convict nobility

How did Henry VII begin the process of centralization during his reign?

law that Henry VIII passed that made him and all other subsequent monarchs the head of the Church of England

What is Louis XI known for?

Francis I signed it in France, letting him name all clergy members (controlling the church)