Development of the Symphony

• Mannheim school

• 2 oboes, 2 horns, 2 trumpets, timpani, strings and basso continuo

• 4M, M1 is an early sonata form

• M2 is in sub-dominant key = standard

• S1 and S2 is reversed in the recapitulation

• Mostly melody dominated homophony

• More crescendos, dynamic markings

• Mannheim techniques - roller and hammer at the start

• Empfindsamer stil

• 2 flutes, 2 oboes, 2 horns, 2 strings, basso continuo

• 3M - fast - slow - fast = standard early Classical

• attacca

• M2 is in the relative major = standard of minor symphonies, sudden key changes

• Some ornamentation, less than Baroque

• Mostly melody-dominated homophony

• M1 - sudden tempo changes at the end

• Sudden dynamic changes

• Early Classical

• Bassoon plays the same melody as cellos and basses - remnant of basso continuo

• M1 - sonata, M3 - rondo (typical finale) —> 3M

• M2 is in the dominant key, lots of ornamentation, 2 polyphonic lines, bass feels like a basso continuo (Baroque)

• Mannheim techniques- strong thematic material, simple tutti textures, energised rhythms

• Baroque style terraced dynamics

• Sequences and imitation

• Early classical

• 4 horns, 1 flute - they got more prominent parts

• M1 - sonata form is fully developed

• M2 - reminiscent of a concerto grissom

• 4M, M4 is themes and variation - became common

• M2 is in the ‘Sicilian style’ (metre and rhythm)

• Sturm and drang

• Bassoon plays same part as cellos and basses ≈ basso continuo

• 4M includes slow adagio, extended coda where players leave 1 by 1 - not a grand finale

• strong dynamic contrasts, use of dissonance, ‘stormy’ feeling

• Two clarinets

• More independent woodwind and brass, especially in M3 and 4

• One of only two Mozart symphonies in a minor key

• 2 clarinets, 3 trumpets, timpani - ‘Full’ Classical era orchestra + extra horns

• 4M, M3 has a scherzo and trio - used in symphonies from now on

• M4 theme and variations

• Piccolo, contrabassoon, 2 trumpets, 3 trombones

• 4M

• Attacca between M3 and M4 and reprise if M3 in development section of M4 blurs distinction between M3 and M4

• Piccolo, 2 trumpets, 2 trombones

• 5M, M4 attacca into M5

• M have programmatic labels and correspond to 4M structure

• First explicitly programmatic symphony —> describing the countryside

• piccolo, contrabassoon, 4 horns, 3 trombones, cymbals, bass drum, triangle, SATB soloists and choir

• 4M, M2 - scherzo and trio

• M3 - slow movement

• M4 - theme and variations w/choir based around Ode to Joy theme

• symphony within symphony

- M1 has four bassoons and cornets!! Brass section is no longer limited as cornets have valves allowing them to play chromatically

- M1 has 30 violinists (v ambitious)

- M2 has 4 harps

- M3 has 4 people on timpani and cor anglais

- M5 has woodwind players doubling for the first time

- Sonata form - waltz - slow movement - (?) - (?)

- M1 introduction (5 minutes long) and coda are extended

- M1 C minor introduction to C major exposition —> M2 A major —> M3 F major (pastoral) —> M4 G minor —> M5 C major

- Recap in M1 is in dominant key

- ‘idée fixe’ - early version of the leitmotif (M1: b. 72-79; M2: 121)

- First to use the tuba

- Symphonic poem (later referred to as a tone poem) - what the symphony developed into

- One movement broken down into episodes by changes of time signature/tempo

- Cyclac form - predominant structure of symphonic poems as it has distinct sections

- Loose form and structure

- L’istesso tempo = section 2 = represents love (also includes second melodic motif)

- Allegro ma non troppo = section 3 = struggles (b. 2 features second melodic Otis)

- Un poco pig moderato = section 4 = pastoral

- Allegro marziale animato = section 5

- Programmatic

- Bar 2 strings and b. 6 flute- melodic motif

- M 2 and 4 have the first use of Wagner tuba - commissioned by Wagner so there is an instrument between oboe and trombone

- 4M

- Three themes in M1 exposition, recapitulation is the same order??

- M3 scherzo and trio??

- Two movements

- M1 - slower section

- M2 - begins with a scherzo

- collapsed the two movements

- At the start of the “second movement” an organ is introduced instead of the piano

- He drew inspiration from Native American folk tunes

- Pentatonic (like other folk music)

- Otherwise conventional four movement symphony

- M1 = sonata form

- M2 = 5/4

- M3 = ending seems like a finale

- M4 = slow movement, emotional

- Choir in fifth movement

- Tone poem

- Strauss was the main composer of tone poems

- Organ