AP European History Unit 4

The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment

Polish priest and astronomer; advocated for heliocentric theory through logic, not observation. Shift from Earth-centered to Sun-centered system creates uncertainty about the human role in the universe as well as God's location. Catholic + Protestant leaders alarmed by new heliocentric theory.

First European to make systemic observations of the heavens using a telescope beginning a new age of astronomy. Confirms Copernicus's heliocentric theory. Pope condemns Galileo for his theory's which contradicted the teachings of the church; he was put on trial and sentenced to house arrest.

Theory which states that the sun is the center of the universe. Developed by Age of Reason astronomers such as Copernicus and Galileo.

Theory which states that the Earth is the center of the universe. Geocentric Theory was taught by the Catholic Church prior to the Age of Reason.

English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author. Newton's major work was his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, also known as Principa. In Principa, Newton uses mathematical proofs demonstrating his universal law of gravitation.

Greek physician. Influenced knowledge of anatomy, physiology, and disease. Relied on animal, rather than human dissections to learn about human anatomy, leading to inaccuracies in his findings.

His famous work, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood, disputes Galen's work. Conducted experiments on convicted murderers to learn more about organ functions and digestion.

Encouraged scientists to build knowledge through "inductive reasoning" by combining careful observation and systematic experimentation to collect small bits of information.

Advocated for scientists to build knowledge through "deductive reasoning" by using both observations and reasoning to come to conclusions.

Intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries referred to as the "Age of Reason." Emphasized reason, "natural laws," progress, liberty, and toleration.

1. The Glorious Revolution

2. Desire for economic, religious, political, and social reform

3. Print culture (newspapers, books, etc.)

4. Cultural diffusion

5. Pre-Enlightenment Intellectuals (John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, Newton)

French Enlightenment philosopher. Advocated for religious toleration and criticized the Catholic church.

French Enlightenment philosopher, created Encyclopedie, a collection of current enlightenment ideas/discoveries on society, politics, science, technology, math, and art.

French Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for political reform due to noticing cruelty and irrationality in French society. Created ideas of separation of power and checks and balances.

Pre-Enlightenment philosopher who argued that the purpose of the government was to protect the people's "Natural Rights." Rejected "Divine Right of Kings" ideas. Believed that humans entered the Earth as a blank slate ("tabula rasa").

Enlightenment philosopher who argued that individuals entered into a "Social Contract" with one another, creating an organized society. Believed that governmental power came from the will of the people. Anti-women's rights; the role of a woman was to support men. Contrary to ideas of the time, he believed that childhood was a separate stage of life from adulthood; advocated for childhood education.

One of the first advocates for female equality; wrote "A Vindication on the Rights of Woman" (1792) as an opposition of the views of Rousseau. Defended equality of the sexes based on reason.

Coffeehouses, salons, lending libraries

The government derives its power from the people; only is in power because the people allow it to be.

Economic Philosopher who wrote "The Wealth of Nations." Argued that the best way for economic growth was for people to pursue their own "selfish self interests." Pro-capitalism.

Prevailing religion among Enlightenment thinkers; Deists accept God but reject organized religion and insist its existence that those who disobeyed scripture would face eternal damnation.

Main art style of the Enlightenment; emphasized simplicity and clarity of line, symmetry, and themes from Greco-Roman history. Neoclassicist architecture often included columns and facades to form a cohesive design.

Neoclassical writer; author of Pride and Prejudice, Sense and Sensibility, and Emma. Focused on the morals of social behavior of the English upper class around the 19th century.

Absolutist tyrannical rulers who claimed to be "Enlightened." Often allowed some religious toleration, reformed certain social and political institutions, a patroned the philosophes.