chemistry final

2 or more substances combine to form a single substance (A + B → AB)

a single reactant is broken down into 2 or more products (AB → A + B)

a single element replaces a second element in a compound (A + Bx → B + Ax)

positive ions between 2 reacting compounds exchange places (Ax + By → Ay + Bx)

an element or a compound reacts with oxygen (X + O2 → ?)

identify the reaction type and use general formula

moles x (6.022 x 10^23) = particles

grams / molar mass = moles

determines the amount of product that can be found

the reactant that is not completely used up

100% of expected mass

amount of mass actually formed

1. gas is made of particles

2. all particles move in constant random motion

3. all collisions are elastic

4. higher temperature = more energy

5. larger molecules move slower than smaller ones at the same temperature

273 Kelvin (K) and 0 Celsius (C)

atm

101.3 kPa or 1 atm & 0 Celsius or 273 Kelvin

point where you have no energy

at higher temperatures there is a wide range of energies, and at lower temperatures the range of kinetic energy is close to the same

air exerts pressure because of gravity and decreases as you go up in elevation

process of turning liquid to vapor (open vessel)

cooling process

conversion of a liquid to a gas or vapor

warming process

force exerted by a gas above a liquid

helps prevent evaporation and boiling

the temperature at which a liquid boils

with altitude, boiling point lowers because it needs less kinetic energy

temperature that a solid turns into a liquid

solid, orderly, repeating structure

carbon = graphite is thin sheets

diamond = tetrahedral shape, rigid compact array

buchminster fullerine = 60 carbon hollow sphere

solid that does not form crystals

changing from a solid to a vapor without changing into a liquid

pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles

(pressure - volume relationship) at constant temperature the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure

(temperature - volume relationship) at constant pressure the volume of a gas is directly proportional with temperature

(temperature - pressure relationship) at constant volume pressure is directly proportional to Kelvin temperature of gas

using the three gas la ( ws we are able to see that there is a relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature

hold one of three variables constant

has 3 of the variables that act on a gas

increase in moles = increase in pressure and volume

at constant volume and temperature total pressure exerted by a mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of component gases

the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass

gases of lower molar mass effuse faster

mixture of small particles

dissolving medium

substance being dissolved

mixture where the particles will settle out if left undisturbed

2 or more substances physically combined

mixture of intermediate sized particles

amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent (higher temp = more solubility)

more solute can dissolve in the substance but if more is added it disappears

no more solute can dissolve but if more is added will sink to the bottom

special situation where solvent holds more solute than it should and requires a series of steps to create

solubility 1/pressure 1 = solubility 2/pressure 2

(ionic compounds) number of particles is based on the number of separate ions a compound dissolves apart into

(covalent compounds) number of particles per compound and always equal to 1

boiling point of a solvent increases when a solute is dissolved in it

freezing point of a solvent decreases when a solute is dissolved in it

energy that flows from one object to another

most reactions occur in a series of steps

a reaction that absorbs energy and feels cold

equation: A + B + heat → C + D or A + B → C + D AH = +

a reaction that releases energy and feels warm

equation: A + B → C + D + heat or A + B → C + D AH = -

the amount of heat required to change the temperature of a given amount of matter by 1 degree

the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

maximum amount of energy that can be used to do useful work

inversely proportional has one that goes up and goes down and directly proportional has either both go up or both go down

suspension has multiple phases and colloids have one

colloid uses the tyndall effect and suspension does not

mass and particles

any chemical of physical change that, once begun, occurs with not outside intervention

entropy - measure of disorder in a system

enthalpy - the heat of a system when it is under constant pressure

1 mol = 22.4 L

agitation, temperature, surface area, pressure, and saturation

deltaH rxn

deltaH f degrees = 0

heat required to melt 1 mol of a substance

deltaH when dissolved

deltaH of reaction where combustion occurs