Chapter 6: Constitutional Foundations 

________ presented his Virginia Plan, which proposed a strong national government, before the Convention officially began.

________ is defined by political scientist Harold Laswell as "who gets what, when, and how.

The ________ debated on representation in the national legislature and arrived at the Great (Connecticut) Compromise.

The ________ became America's first national government in May 1775.

________: Voluntary agreement between members of society and government, defining and limiting rights and duties.

________ was chosen as the president of the Convention.

The Preamble lists the six goals for the ________ and explains why the Constitution was written.

________ and usage: Traditions that have been incorporated into the political system and which have lasted over time have changed the meaning of the Constitution, such as senatorial courtesy in the Senate and the "no- third- term "tradition in the presidency until the Twenty- Second Amendment made it part of the Constitution.

________ had limited powers, such as borrowing money, creating a national army and navy, declaring war, creating post offices, and signing treaties.

The ________ is the introductory statement that precedes the main text of the Constitution.

________: a division of governmental powers between the national government and the states.

People have ________ (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness) given by God, not the king.

Promoting the ________: providing public services and economic health of the nation.

The ________ and Slave Trade Compromise addressed the differences between northern and southern states regarding exports and the slave trade.

Aristocracy- Rule by the elite, determined by ________ /wealth.

From 1607 to ________, the American colonies were in a continuous state of political self- development.

Insuring ________: preservation of public order.

________: People are the source of all governmental power, with ultimate power and authority resting with "we the people.

________: Many groups hold significant power, leading to gridlock and ineffectiveness.

________ are written changes to the Constitution.

The ________ is divided into three major parts: the Preamble, articles, and amendments.

________ wrote about the need for branches of government.

________: People give authority to the government and exercise power through elected representatives.

The First ________ was held in Philadelphia in 1774 and included delegates from 12 colonies.

Enlightenment ________ like John Locke & Thomas Jefferson supported the concept of a social contract.

________ adopted Locke's ideas in the Declaration of Independence.

Before ________, Britain provided defense and manufactured goods for the colonies, which in return provided raw materials and markets for manufactured goods.

________ are created by men and require the consent of the ________.

The American government is based on ideas of limited government, ________, popular sovereignty, republicanism & social contract.

Securing the blessings of liberty: promoting ________.

________ (1803) is a landmark case in United States history that established the principle of judicial review.

Establishing ________: reasonable, fair, and impartial law.

________ was one of the appointees who did not receive his commission as a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia under Jefferson's administration.

The Convention was held in ________ in May 1787 with the purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation.

Written by ________, it attempts to convince people not to ratify the Constitution.

The ________ established a permanent colony at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607.

________ believes that any damage caused by factions could be controlled by the government under the new Constitution.

________- citizens choose officials to make policy decisions (most "democratic "nations)

The ________ is the process in which the U.S. Constitution can be changed without actually changing its written wording.

The ________ would have representation in the lower house based on the population of the state and equal representation of the states in the upper house.

The ________ and balances prevents any branch of the federal government from becoming more powerful than the other two.

________ actions: The manner in which presidents use their powers can create informal amendments and expand presidential authority.

________: A small group of powerful elites form a ruling upper class and make decisions in their self- interest.

________: Bureaucrats hold real power over public policy due to their role in the day- to- day workings of government.

________- Inherited power, formal restrictions limit power, usually ceremonial status for monarch.

creation of a strong union of the states while maintaining state sovereignty

preservation of public order

protection and maintenance of national defense

Lack of Government

Rule by One

Inherited power, no restrictions on ruler's power

Inherited power, formal restrictions limit power, usually ceremonial status for monarch

Seized power, maintained by force, opposition restricted

Rule by a few

Rule by the elite, determined by social status/wealth

Rule by the People

Citizens make policy decisions

citizens choose officials to make policy decisions (most "democratic" nations)

Governance relies on the consent of the governed, either directly or through representatives

Interest groups compete to promote their preferred policies, leading to bargaining and compromise

Bureaucrats hold real power over public policy due to their role in the day-to-day workings of government

basic rights guaranteed to all people and cannot be denied by any government/individual

People are the source of all governmental power, with ultimate power and authority resting with "we the people"

People give authority to the government and exercise power through elected representatives

Voluntary agreement between members of society and government, defining and limiting rights and duties

executive, legislative, and judicial

the belief that government has only the powers given to it and is not all-powerful

the people are the source of government's authority

power is separated among three branches of government, each with its own powers and duties, and is independent of and equal to the other branches

each branch is subject to restraints by the other two branches

the Preamble, articles, and amendments

Legislative Branch

Executive Branch

Congress has passed various acts that have altered or made clear the meaning of the Constitution, such as creating lower courts under Article III through the Judiciary Act of 1789

The manner in which presidents use their powers can create informal amendments and expand presidential authority