Studied by 2 peoplewhat is this?
glacial trough/U-shaped valley
what is this?
hanging valley
what is this?
fjord → U-shaped valley with sea level high enough to fill
what are these?
grooves
what are these?
plastically moulded forms (p-forms)
diff lithology causing diff levels of abrasion
what are these?
striations
what is this?
glacial polish
how are partly streamlined landforms produced?
combination of abrasion and rock fracturing
what is this?
roche moutonnee
how are roche moutonnees formed?
stoss - striated surface due to abrasion from moraine at glacier base
lee - materials plucked from lee side
what is this?
crag and tail
how is crag and tail formed?
stoss - plucking and abrasion erode side
lee - less resistant moraines deposited giving it a tail
what is this?
cirque and tarn
what is this?
horn → pyramidal peak
what are these?
arete → saw tooth like ridges
what is this?
nunatak (glacial islands) → high elevated bed rock that has not been glaciated
what is the low lying area between horns and aretes?
col
what is this?
erratics → pieces of material transported from glacier, vary in size
what is a moraine?
mound of till
what are the types of moraines?
lateral → formed along edge of valley
medial → joining of 2 lateral moraines
end → formed at end of glacier
terminal → type of end glacier, furthest one formed
recessional → end moraine marking times of temp pauses
what is this?
drumlin → stream lined, formed through subglacial deposition
what are the types of glacial sediment?
glacial till → from ice directly
glaciofluvial → from melted glacial water rivers
glaciolacustrine → from melted glacial water lakes
what are these?
eskers
how are eskers formed?
when rivers/lakes are formed under or right at the edge of a glacier and leave behind a pile of material when the ice melts
what are these?
kames
what are these?
kettle lakes
how are kames formed?
formed when supraglacial sediment is deposited on top and the ice melts leaving a mound of debris
how are kettle lakes formed?
formed when you have a block of ice that eventually melts surrounded by outwash material or tills
what is permafrost?
zones of permanently frozen ground (more than 2 years)
what is continuous vs discontinuous ground ice?
cont → entire thing frozen
discont → pockets of frozen/unfrozen
what is an active layer?
seasonally thaws/freezes
what is a permafrost table?
line where permanent ice begins
what is this?
frost cracking
what is frost heave?
when ice lens layers thickens and the frozen zone experiences volume expansion/shrinkage due to frost heaving/thawing
what are these?
frost wedges
what are these?
melted ice wedges
formed when series of ice wedges are formed in the same area
what are these?
frost mounds. → pockets of soil filled with icea
what are these?
pingos
how are pingos formed?
giant ice mounds
formed when there is a pocket of water underneath which pushes the ground upwards as it freezes
what is this?
thermokarst → irregular terrain with depressions and hummocks between them
how is thermokarst formed?
thawing of ground ice and material collapsing
what are these?
stone circles
what are these?
polygons
what are these?
stone stripes
what are these
hummocks
Note
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