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The cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones is defined as
Catabolism
Which of the following describes the result of transferring an electron from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative atom?
The more electronegative atom is reduced and energy is released
Which chemical process generates the ATP produced in glycolysis?
substrate-level phosphorylation
The cellular process of synthesizing large molecules from smaller ones is defined as
anabolism
What is the source of the energy used to generate the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane?
redox reactions in the electron transport chain
Where does glycolysis occur in animal cells?
cytosol
In the complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration, how many molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation?
4
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
to produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide
What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon?
They are inversely related
Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during which of the following reactions?
both photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Which of the following statements about the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration is correct?
Cellular respiration is catabolic and photosynthesis is anabolic
A reduction in the amount of NADP+ available in plant cells in the light will ultimately result in which of the following effects?
a decrease in the rate of linear electron flow
Which of the following statements correctly describes a reaction associated with photosystem II?
Electrons released from the P680 chlorophyll are replaced by electrons derived from water.
Which of the following reactions produces the oxygen released by photosynthesis?
splitting of water molecules
Which of the following molecules are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
The complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) in cellular respiration produces about how many molecules of ATP?
60-64
In addition to ATP, what are the products of glycolysis?
NADH and pyruvate
In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP+ pi to ATP?
energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase
What is the primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
to serve as an acceptor for electrons and protons, forming water
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration?
oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle
Which of the following indicates a primary path by which electrons travel downhill energetically during aerobic respiration?
glucose → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen
A noncompetitive inhibitor decreases the rate of an enzymatic reaction by
changing the shape of the enzyme active site
The active site of an enzyme is the region that
binds substrates for the enzyme
Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is true?
Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier.
Which of the following statements is true for all exergonic reactions?
The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy.
Which of the following is the most comprehensive definition of metabolism in living organisms?
Metabolism consists of all the energy transformation reactions in an organism.
Pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency is a genetic disease most commonly linked to a mutation in the a-subunit of the mitochondrial enzyme that causes the enzyme to cease functioning. As a result of the mutation, affected individuals build up dangerous amounts of lactic acid. Which of the following best explains the buildup of lactic acid in individuals with the mutation?
Cells undergo fermentation because pyruvate cannot be metabolized to proceed into the Krebs cycle.
A researcher claims that increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels cause increased growth rates in plants: Which of the following statements best supports the researcher’s claim?
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is the raw material for photosynthesis, which plants rely on for producing sugars and other organic compounds.
A researcher claims that the synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential to cellular function: Which of the following statements best helps justify the researcher’s claim?
ATP hydrolysis is an energy-releasing reaction that is often coupled with reactions that require an input of energy.
Which of the following was the dependent variable in the researcher’s experiment?
pH
Based on the data in Table 1, which of the following is the earliest time point at which there is a statistical difference in average pH between the control and treatment groups?
35 minutes
On average, more ATP can be produced from an NADH molecule than can be produced from a molecule of FADH2. Based on Figure 1, which of the following best explains the difference in ATP production between these two molecules?
The electrons of FADH2 are transferred through three complexes of the electron transport chain whereas those of NADH are transferred through all four complexes.
Newborn babies and hibernating animals contain a large amount of brown adipose (fat) tissue (BAT). Certain proteins in the BAT cells increase the permeability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to protons, disrupting the proton gradient. Which of the following best predicts the effect of disrupting the proton gradient in BAT?
Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation will be decoupled, generating more heat but less ATP.
Based on the data in the table, which of the following best explains the effects of rotenone on cellular respiration?
Treated cells are not able to break down NADH because certain enzymes of the electron transport chain are inhibited,
Which of the following best describes the role of water in photosynthesis?
Water molecules donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
If the experiment is repeated at pH 11, the observed activity level of the enzyme will most likely be:
lower than the level at pH 9
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