7. Charles II 1660-85

declaration that if KCII was restored, he would rule as as traditional monarch through p, pay army arrears, and pardon subjects

Convention p, established through free election apr 1660, included far more royalists and conservatives than any parliament since 1648, temporary and only planned to help with restoration

mostly moderate Presbyterian

mostly happy but aimed to restrict KCii’s power before he took the throne to less than what his dad had, believed that if restoration was inevitable as the protectorate was not stable enough to last, they should be in favor of getting on the good side of the king and were so desperate for stability they didn’t change much in terms of his power

pardoning the right people, sold crown land settlements, the army, writing a new constitution, crown finance, religion

1660, royalists called for vengeance but this gave most parliamentarians a pardon, apart from those seen as a threat to the monarchy

they were sold off, KCii didn’t want to upset the parlimentarians who had helped his restoration who had old crown land so left it to p who flopped and gave all old crown lands back to KCii by excluding those who bought the land from the indemnity act

paid arrears, then convention p disbanded the army

confirmed parliamentary privileges, reinstated the house of Lords, confirmed Magna Carta, and legislation brought in by Long p that had been removed since

granted T&P and customs for life

granted up to £1.2 million a year for govt costs through tax, twice as muchas KCi was given but in effect normally only raised £400,000 a year and proved insufficient

left KCii dependant on P for money and as a result, made it necessary to call p every year for most of his reign

introduced 1662, attempted to gain KCii more money but did little to help

CofE restored and didn’t include any non-conformists like Quakers or m=even moderate Presbyterians

1661-79, ran after the convention P that was temporarily set up for the restoration of KCii, MPs wanted to return to normalsey and only really wanted to discuss smaller things relating to their individual smaller issues, however did not want KCii to become absolute

wanted KCii to sign the Act for safety and Preservation of His Majesty’s Person and Government

required KCii to agree to abolishing the star chamber, the High Commission, ship money, bishops in HoL, and agree to the Triennial act however KCii refused to not have Bishops so that was removed

finalised laws that introduced press censorship and banning of mass petitioning, they gave him full control over militia and introduce taxes to raise money to pay them in times of war

they had failed to gain much more control over the king and had strengthened his position without them, however they did keep good control of crown finance which insured his reliance on p

Edward Hyde, Lord Chancellor and principal advisor 1660-67, very business-like approach that made him seem arrogant and dismissive which in turn alienated the king, and did not secure the privy council or p on KCii’s side, allowing opposition to develop, often used by KCii as a scapegoat as he did not personally like him

the CABAL (Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, Lauderdale)

cyrpto-catholic,

royalist,

became privy counciller 166,

pro-french, anti-dutch

ehlped negociate the Secret treaty of Dover

free-thinker

royalist but changed sides

member of the Council of State but then joined opposition

supported Declaration of Indulgance and Test act

free thinker

son of KJi’s/KJi’s buckingham

the closest to KCii

member of the PC and was chief opponent of clarendon

supported the Declaration of Indulgence

catholic

KCii’s advisor during exile

supported dutch wars

opposed clarendon

secured treaty of dover

lost influence after rise of danby

scottish presbyterian

supported rebellion but then switched sides

imprisioned until 1660 for supporting kcii before restoration

resigned 1680

someone who does not believe in the bible literally, not considered part of the CofE

they didn’t agree on anything, KCii was trying to limit involvement with govt., all of p lost stablilty after fall of clarendon b/ of how organised he was

clifford and ashley

buckingham and arlington

extend religious toleration to Catholics and dissenters, and form an alliance with france

court supported what KCii wanted, like religious toleration for Catholics, w/a country disagreed with KCii

almost always disagree with each other

Second and Third Dutch wars (1665-74)

plague (1665)

the great fire of london (1666)

crown income decreased £820,000 in 1665 to £647,000 in 1666, MPs believed it was because of crown mismanagement not financial system to refused to grant more

used it to restrict religious freedom such as in 1669 the HoC refused to grant £300,000 restricting KCii’s Conventicle act of 1670

1660

1665-67, England wanted to take over Dutch trade and north american colonies (such as New York) so kept attacking Dutch ships

England lost because of financial strains experienced because of plague and the GFoL, lost last battle by a landslide and caused lots of humiliation and discontent

1674-76, KCii was bound to the Treaty of Dover with France so despite not wanting to, they joined Louis’ attack on the dutch

1672-with the french, after the Dutch won a series of victories, P forced KCii to make peace

proclaimed ‘stop of the exchequer’ which meant he could stop paying back all loan but it would be very hard to get loans in the future from p, p also gave him £1.2 million for funding

suspended penal laws that punished people for not attending CofE services

claimed only p had the power to suspend laws, in order for p to grant anymore money to KCii, he had to withdraw the declaration and issue the Test Act of 1673

required anyone who wanted to enter public services to deny Catholicism and take Anglican Communion

Thomas Osborne, strong Anglican, wanted anti-french pro-dutch FP, Lord Treasurer for KCii, part of ‘the court’ party

represented common opinions of MPs so popular with them, unpopular with some because they saw him as too catholic and absolute, unpopular with Arlington, Shaftesbury, and Buckingham

very good Lord Treasurer, helped withdraw from Third Dutch War, got royal income up to £1.4million a year 1674-77

KCii overspent, debt increased £750,000 1674-79

locked in ToL for five months for claiming a new election for MPs should be held as cavalier p had not met for 15 months

wanted to build navy up to protect england from a french invasion

felt it was completely the king’s prerogative to declare alliances and war but eventually agreed to sign the Anglo-Dutch treaty

1677 imposed peace with France even throigh force, raised 30,000 men for an army and called for £1million but only raised £300,000

began tying to get more money from France in spite of his own Pro-Dutch policies he had introduced, proof of the is was brought to P who then tied to impeach him

used kcii’s mistresses to help him, used his position as lord treasurer for influence and patronage, and helped construct a more ‘solid’ ‘court’ party, thereby creating a more formal oppositional ‘country’ party

1679

dissolved Cavalier p, pardoned him, but Danby surrendered himself and was locked in the ToL for five years

1674

court= tories

country= whigs

bishops reinstated in HoL, 1000 presbytarian and dissenter ministers resigned or were removed, MPs had to take Anglican Communion

non conformists, those who refused to conform to CofE after restoration, included people like Quakers, and moderate Prebytarians (so a wide range of people)

50 religious radicals across Yorkshire wanted to overthrow the govt with help from Irish and Scottish rebels, but were uncoordinated and failed immediately, 6 men were hanged and KCii used it to rally support

1661, actually what Clarendon was against, the religious settlement at the start of KCii’s reign

included:

the Corporations Act 1661 (prevented any local govt. members to accept terms of CofE),

Act of Uniformity 1662 (put bishops back into CofE)

the Conventicle Act 1664 (against secret meetings of non-conformists)

Five Mile Act 1665 (prevented non-conformist ministers from going within 5 miles of where they previously preached or where MPs resided)

similar to KCi’s Laudian church, but absorbed some moderate Presbyterian qualities and more under the control of p rather than KCii

1667,1668: drafted by Anglican MPs, broadening the established CofE to allow a greater range of dissenters in to try and keep the growing number of dissenter MPs within the church

quite a small number, around 200,000 (100,000 hardliners) out of 2.25 million in 1676

saw the restoration as a sign of god’s disapproval of their failure to create a ‘godly’ English rule. they had also become less militant under Protectorate as they were now allowed to pray privately

wasn’t too fussed with the Conventicle Act, didn’t get it renewed in 1668, meaning dissenters could meet freely this upset p who refused to grant a £300,000 subside, so as a result, KCii reinstated a tighter version of the Conventicle Act

they saw it as very suspicious

after the collapse of the CABAL in 1674

1662, outlined punishments for found Quakers, showe KCii’s lack of toleration for extreme dissenters

450 died in prison, 15,000 got fined, imprisoned, or transported

no Quakers: faced strong persecution from KCii, very committed and people had lives, emphasis on reading the bible made it hard for the average illiterate person to read, sermons lasted hours so were hard to work around for average people

more Anglicans: easier to abide by, more in line with CofE

John Milton in Paradise Lost slayyyyyyyy

numbers were very low, lost all political force and those who continued were prosecuted, including Thomas Harrison

millenarian fifth monarchist major general, hung drawn and quartered for being a regicide

non-regicide millenarian who refused to beg for mercy, jury starved until they sentenced Vane, loud music played during his execution so his last words could not be heard

KCii was not willing to be religiously tolerant to Millenarians and was becoming more absolutist he hated millenarians because of he believed they were the most responsible for the radicalisation of p and his father’s death (my own interpretation, not from textbook)

non-regicide millenarian who DID plead for mercy, he was sentenced to life in prison which he served for 22 years until his death, was not killed because he begged for mercy but also because public were becoming more and more against the amount of executions under KCii

died of alcoholism and Syphilis at 33, undermined divinity of the monarchy as he was the favourite

his mother, wife, brother, and close friend George Digby, Clifford, most of his mistresses were all known Catholics, Arlington was a catholic sympathiser

he lived in France during exile and had close ties with his cousin, Louis XIV (king of France) including strong financial links to him

incorporation of very catholic Baroque styles

Catholics thought he was sympathetic to Catholics and he also kept great control over the Catholics in court like his brother

nearing KCii’s death 1679-85, (mainly) Whigs felt James Stuart should not be the heir to the throne as he was a Catholic and had now just had a male baby with a Catholic Princess

1669

James was only three years younger than KCII so people believed he would die before or soon after KCII and one of his two adult protestant daughters would take the throne, but now with a new male baby as the next heir, it was extremely likely that this baby would be raised catholic and rule for decades, making the country likely to become very Catholic

1678, started by Titus Oates, a lie that Jesuits were planning to assassinate KCii and replace with James with the help of Irish and French invasions

1678, influenced by Popish Plot, excluded Catholics from p, KCii was forced to sign it, with exemption for James Stuart (vote to exclude JS only won by two votes)

4 Catholics MPs executed, 5 Catholic peers impeached

dissolved Cavalier p jan 1679

march 1679 because KCii needed money

FEP goal was to secure freedom and rights in the event of a catholic succession

protect the person rather than continue to try and remove James: introduced the Habeas Corpus amendment act which meant (except from treason of felony) a person cannot be charged without a trial

2 pro-exclusion MP for every 1 anti-exclusion MP

sent james to Brussels, only worsened tension because he was said to have been conspiring with the pope and other Catholics

they had prerogative over army, civil, and legal proceedings, and that there would be no church patronage

MPs passed bill to exclude James, won 207-128, with many MPs not voting

prorogued p

both French and Dutch wanted English support after end of third dutch war 1678 so he tricked them into both sending funds to try and convince him to form an alliance

KCii’s illegitimate son, seen as a popular ‘replacement’ as Charles heir since he was Protestant, KCii exiled him to the Netherlands

removed opposition from the Privy council (such as Shaftesbury) for new younger advisers that would be better for James, put more money into the royal standing army, removed opposition from smaller county offices and filled them with royalist

lots more anti-KCii pamphlets and petitions published, although this did little to help the cause

popish plot and other smaller similar plots cause fear mongering

caused the death of 35 men, could never prove any plot, just kept making it more outlandish until he went too far and accused James of being a traitor and was sentenced to death.