US History - 2.1-2.3 VOCAB

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia

John Winthrop

a Puritan lawyer who was the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. his goal was to establish a pious puritan state, and he emphasized group discipline and individual responsibility. his colony thrived, but there was also discontent due to his intolerance of new ideas.

Roanoke

During the 1580's, the english tried twice to colonize this small island off of the coast of north carolina, but the english struggled to land supplies, and the sandy soil didn't produce many crops. but while the first group of settlers returned to england, the second mysteriously disappeared.

charter

a legal document giving certain rights to a person or company

joint-stock company

a company run by a group of investors who share the company's profits and losses

Virginia

Southern Colony; where Jamestown is located; founded by john smith

Powhatan

the leader of the Powhatan empire when the English established the Jamestown colony in 1607. he ruled over 30 indian groups and between 13 and 34 thousand people. relations between his people and the English colonists were mixed. following the marriage of his daughter Pocahontas to English planter John Rolfe, relations were peaceful, until his death in 1618

John Smith

an english explorer and one of the leading promoters of colonization in America. he helped found the colony of Jamestown in 1607 and was its leader from 1608-09. he also created detailed maps and descriptions of New England and Virginia

Pocahontas

A native Indian of America, daughter of Chief Powahatan, who was one of the first to marry an Englishman, John Rolfe, and return to England with him; about 1595-1617; her brave actions in saving an Englishman paved the way for many positive English and Native relations, and supposedly, she taught the english about farming when they were struggling with it.

Sir William Berkeley

the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and plantation owners and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry', and these defenseless smaller farms fell victim to native attacks. His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion, and he was eventually replaced by king james

Nathaniel Bacon

his resentment of Berkeley and the unbalanced power of the Virginia government, lead to a rebellion, by him and other backcountry farmers. When Berkeley refused to let him and other farmers fight nearby Indians, he went into Jamestown, with his own militia, burned most of the city, and drove Berkeley out of town; a planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land. a farmer in the backcountry,

Lord Baltimore

name given to Roman Catholic politician George Calvert. successfully obtained a grant of land for the colony that later became Maryland. died in 1632, right before Maryland charter passed.

James Ogelthorpe

english army officer, politician, and founder of the british colony Georgia. was opposed with the british practice of imprisoning debtors, and believed people had a right to live in a place that allowed religious freedom for all. created georgia as a haven for english debtors

City Upon A Hill

a speech given by Mass Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, to the pilgrims upon their arrival in Mass. he wanted mass to be an exemplary puritan city for england, and described the city as this, since all eyes were on them

Anne Hutchinson

an american religious leader who lived in Mass, held meetings in her home to promote the idea that god's grace alone was the key to salvation, but the colony's leader opposed preaching by a woman and considered many of her beliefs to be dangerous. in 1637, she was banished and moved to rhode island, and then later to today-long island, but her and her family were later killed by american indians.

Metacom

a wampanoag leader whom the english called king phillip. launched the intial attacks that began king phillip's war in 1675-76

William Penn

an english quaker who founded the colony of pennsylvania, in payment for a debt from King Charless II, as a refuge for quakers and other religious minorities of europe after growing disillusioned with the prospects of religious freedom in england.

John Rolfe

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

tobacco

cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown; southern colonies' biggest export

malaria

although the swamps surrounding jamestown provided protection for them, they were also full of mosquitoes that carried this disease, which was deadly and killed many of the colonists

headright system

under this system, anyone who paid for passage to virginia, or paid for someone else's passage, was given 50 acres of land. this system enabled wealthy colonists to aquire land, and send workers to virginia to work it, and all of the new people going to virignia helped england with its overpopulation.

House of Burgesses

colonial Virginia's representative assembly formed in 1619

Royal Colonies

English colonies that were under direct control of the Crown

Proprietary Colonies

English colonies granted to an individual or group by the Crown

Bacon's Rebellion

an armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley.

Maryland

Founded by Lord Baltimore, safe haven for Catholics, created the Act of Toleration

Georgia

Founded in 1733 by James Oglethorpe as a debtor's colony

Puritans

English Protestants who believed in strict religious discipline and the simplification of worship in an effort to to purify the Anglican church; settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630

Sepratists

English Protestants who wished to separate from the Anglican church

Massachusetts Bay Colony

One of the first settlements in New England; established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Became the state of Massachusetts, originally where Boston is located. It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community; The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

republic

A form of government in which the people select and elect representatives to govern them and make laws

Pilgrims

English Separatists who sought religious freedom and founded Plymouth Colony in 1620

Plymouth Bay Colony

Founded by the Pilgrims in 1620. They were headed towards Virginia, but their ship was blown off course.

Mayflower Compact

a framework for self-government of the Plymouth Colony signed on the ship the Mayflower in 1620

Salem Witch Trials

1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a Massachussetts Bay puritan village and in the new england colonies, marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress. Spectral evidence was used frequently. suspects were often accused because they were different, weird, or didn't go to church. executions stopped when mass's governor's wife was accused, and he then stopped them

Roger Williams

an english colonist in New England who founded Rhode Island. he believed that the colonists had no right to take land that belonged to the natives, and purchased the land of Rhode Island after he and his followers were banished from Massachusetts, and established rhode island as a colony of religious freedom and separation of church and state

Rhode Island

Founded by Roger Williams for religious freedom

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Connecticut

Founded by Thomas Hooker and his followers to escape religious persecution.

Pequot War

a short outbreak of violence between English colonists and the Pequot Indians in 1636, during which a Pequot village was set afire, killing between 600 to 700 inhabitants

Treaty of Hartford

Ended Pequot War, virtually eliminated the Pequot nation, outlawed their language/alphabet, forced them to give up all of their lands to the English, Narragansetts and Mohegans, and survivors had to go and live with other American Indian people

King Phillip's War

a conflict between English colonists and American Indians in New England

push factor

a factor that motivates people to leave their home countries

pull factor

a factor that attracts people to a new location

New Amsterdam

a settlement established by the Dutch near the mouth of Hudson River and the southern end of Manhattan Island; later was seized by the english and became "New York"

Quakers

Members of the Religious Society of Friends, a christian movement devoted to peaceful principles. they did not believe in having ministers, and instead relied on the doctrine of "inner light", or sense of shrist's direct working in the soul. they were pacifists and refused to bear arms