CH 2: Neurobiology (AP PYSCH)

sends/recieves signals and controls motor/behaviors

the body of neuron

recieves info from other neurons

conducts fibers and passes messages to other neurons or muscles

connection to other neurons/cells

charge is separated by membrane of neuron (“Potential” to do work)

the level of excitatory neurotransmitters that a neuron must absorb before it will fire

Electrical events that begins when neuron reaches threshold (opening the flap in the tank and water flowing through)

when the inside of the cell becomes more positively charged (toilet flushing)

from soma to axon (Toilet flushes only one way)

doesnt matter if there is little enery, or a lot and the neuron always fires at the same intensity

channel that regulates the charge for resting state, potassium and sodium can leak out

neuron must recharge before it can fire again.

chemical messenger between neurons and released following an action potential

junction (tiny gap) between neurons , where neurons communicate with each other

sacks in terminal buttons and store neurotransmitters

on dendrite: neurotransmitters attach and transmit message

excitatory makes the neuron fire while inhibitory revents firing

reabsortion of neurotransmitters back into the axon of the sending neuron

impulse conduction over a few neurons

impulses from sensory receptors to Spinal Cord/Brain and approaches the brain /incoming info

sends info to muscles and gland (Exits the brain) and outgoing info

located in brain/spinal cord and is the in-between messenger responsible for reflexes

mostly OUTSIDE of brain and spinal cord and carries sensory & motor signals to/from CNS. consist of Somatic NS & Autonomic NS

nerves for skeletal muscles and control system for our VOLUNTARY MUSCLES (conscious)

UNCONSCIOUS , nerves for glands & muscles and consist of sympathetic & parasympathetic NS

arouses to deal with stress, “fight or flight”

calms to return to homeostasis

the CENTER of lower-level processes (BASIC stuff) and includes the hindbrain & midbrain

it consists of the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

part of the brain stem and has autonomic functions (ex: heart rate, blood pressue)

part of brain stem and helps coordinate automatic facial movement and regulates SLEEP-WAKE CYCLE & AROUSAL

coordinates balance & posture and stores IMPLICIT (muscle) memory (VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT)

integrates sensory progresses and controls involuntary muscle tone

it keeps you awake, Arousal/Attention

audio, visual, and somatosensory (touch, helps recognize objects)

controls hunger/thirst, body temperature, sex drive and controls FIGHT OR FLIGHT (nemonic: the five f’s: flight, fight, feeding, fluids, f-ing)

connected to hypothalamus and releases growth hormones to regulate physical development (the MASTER gland)

motivation, emotion, and memory

memory formation and explicit info (episodic=personal & semantic= facts/meaning)

processes info w/ emotional content (eg; facial expressions) and triggers anger, aggression& fear

part of the forebrain and largest part of brain which contains complex mental activities

The center of higher-level processes and executive function includes conscious awareness

Large band of axons that communicate between left and right hemispheres

Frontal, Sensory (Parietal), Occipital, and Temporal

consist of pre-frontal, pre-motor, and motor cortex’s

personality, processing of emtions, abstract thought, logic, judgement/planning

FINE (small) motor skills

speech production & gross (large) muscle movement , mapped for all muscle movement

left hemisphere and controls expressive language

damage in speech production and selection of words (slow and inarticulate)

front of parietal lobes and mapped for all skin sensations

center of processing for hearing

left= language, understanding speech sounds and works with. BROCAS AREA

recognize faces

above cerebellum and contains visual cortex and association areas

network with the whole cerebrum and mid-brain to form complex thoughts

destroy brain tissue, usually animals

after death examination

direct contact with scalp and transmits activation of neurons, only surface level (sleep/dreaming, abnormalities in infants)

2D “Slices” of X-Rays, show extent of a lesion and faster than MRI

picture of organs, more detailed than CAT or PET (for brain tumors)

scan shows where neurons are active, exposed to radioactivity

reveals brain function & activity over time and there is no radio activity (video)

photo of organs and shows size/structure

normally allows integration of information between both hemispheres as it happens

split brain research (Gazzaniga), found out that hemispheres had different but complimentary functions

verbal processing; speech, reading, writing

nonverbal processing; spatial, musical, and visual recognition, facial recognition

the ability for our brains to form new connections after the neurons are damaged or removed

formation of new neurons

pairs with hypothalamus > sympathetic & parasympathetic systems

hormones are secreted into bloodstream and have a slow transportation. while neurotransmitters are released in neural network and transport in seconds.