Bio Ch. 12

Biotechnology

Use of natural biology systems to: create a product and achieve some other end desired by human beings.

Understanding DNA and its function allowed scientists to manipulate the genes.

Genetic Engineering

A cloned gene can be inserted into the genome of an organism.

Transgenic Organism

An organism that had a foreign gene inserted into them.

Recombinant DNA

rDNA Contains DNA from two or more different sources.

Restriction Enzymes

Used to cut the plasmid and splice in the foreign gene.

DNA ligase

Seals the gene into the plasmid.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Developed by Kary Mullis.

Molecular biology technique to amplify a single copy or a few copies of DNA.

Is very specific and requires: template DNA, DNA polymerase, primers, nucleotides, cofactor, and buffer.

3 steps- repeated 30-40 cycles: denaturation, annealing, and extension.

DNA fingerprinting

Enables scientists to quickly identify segments of DNA.

Can be used to provide forensic data, to identify viral infections or susceptibility to certain cancers.

Noncoding DNA segments

DNA fingerprinting makes use of these segments.

Gel electrophoresis

This process separates DNA molecules according to their size with an electric current through jellylike material.

Reproductive Cloning

The process of making fully-developed, genetically identical copies of an organism.

Therapeutic Cloning

The desired end is not an individual organism but various types od mature cells.

The purpose: Learn more about how cell specialization occurs and provide cells and tissues that could be used to treat human illnesses.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Apart of therapeutic cloning.

Common but ethical concerns.

Totipotent

Totipotent

They can become any type of cell.

Adult Stem Cells

Limited in number of cells they can become

Multipotent

Multipotent

Can only become a limited type of cell (already specialized)

Plasmid

Small, extra-chromosomal rings of bacterial DNA that can exist outside bacteria cells and move into these cells.

Transgenic Bacteria

Recombinant DNA technology is used to produce this___

Can be selected for their ability to degrade a particular substance.

Transgenic Plants

Crops with other imporved agricultural and food qualities are desirable.

Many have been engineered to be resistant to insect predation.

Transgenic Animals

Techniques have been developed to inset genes into the eggs of animals

Genome

The complete set of genetic information in an organism.

Genome Sequencing

Determining the sequence of base pairs in an organism's DNA.

Proteomes

25,000 genes code for 100,000 different protein; all the proteins are known as

Proteomics

Explores the structure and function of these cellular proteins.

How transgenic organisms are used

Production of medicine Improvement of agriculture products

How recombinant DNA is made

A researcher needs a vector piece of DNA that acts as a carrier for the foreign DNA.

Plasmids (common vector) are a small accessory ring of DNA found in bacteria.

Requirements for PCR (polymerase chain reaction)

Template DNA (what you are amplifying) DNA polymerase (uses a specific type) Primers Nucleotides (dNTPs) Cofactor (Mg2+) Buffer

Denaturation- PCR

Breaking the DNA strand apart 95 degrees C

Annealing- PCR

DNA polymerase binds to DNA strand. 50-60 degrees C

Extension- PCR

DNA polymerase adds nucleotides, extending the DNA strand. 72 degree C

Utilization of DNA fingerprinting

Identify the presence of a viral infection or mutated gene Identify the parents of a child Identify remains Sexual assault/rape Crime scene placement

Human Genome Project

Began in 1990, finished in 2000 Humans have approximately 23,000 genes Only 3-5% consists of protein-coding genes