Northern Renaissance

Art`

key characteristics- dark, bloody, hyper religions, depicts realistic renditions. still, implement southern Renaissance sequences to strengthen medieval ideas of the idea of god being cold and unforgiving.

Characteristics of Northern Ren. art

New focus on humans and the natural

Funding

• Similar patrons to the Italian renaissance

• new market for mass-produced images

New techniques

• mass production of images

• oil paint

causes-

• copying Italians

• end of 100 year’s war

• patronage by centralising monachs

• growth of cities and trade

• inventing printing press

Notable Artists

Albrecht Durer (Engravings & woodcuts, four horsemen of the apocalypse, best of new portraits)

Printing press

developed in 1450 and spread through western Europe, invented by Johannes Gutenberg

Reasons for development

• growing demand for books

• old methods hard and took too long

• technological advancements(paper,metalworking)

• high prices

effects

• drastic reduction in the cost of spreading information (renaissance ideas spread)

• rise of vernacular language (standardization of language in large areas, an increase of national culture)

• A challenge to the church(church loses monopoly on education & information, new ideas spread criticizing the church)

Christan Humanism

An intellectual movement that attempted to use humanist ideas to reform the catholic church

Causes

• Northern scholars exposed to Italian education

• emphasis on philology, history, languages, and questioning of a medieval tradition

Christian Humanism

believed that to change how people see the church and Christian doctrine they need to be able to read the book (the Bible that was historically written in Latin) where the ideals of the church are coming from. they constituted that “in order to change the society they must change who composes said society.

Erasmus, the most influential Christian humanist (1466-1536)

• the handbook of the Christian knight (print 1503) reflected his idea of how Christianity should be viewed as a Philosophy or, “the Philosophy or christ” Christianity should be treated as merit to live our daily lives by not a loose set of morals.

• he emphasized acts of inner faith and fewer outside displays of faith.

• believed that the earliest form of the bible called the “Vulgate” had errors, in turn, he translated an early greek manuscript of the new testament this is considered his best work

• to him the best way to reform the church was to give an understanding of the philosophy of Christianity with early sources of Christian doctrine, and criticisms of the church.

• “Erasmus laid the egg and Luther hatched it” he would later go on the renounce the protestant reformers

• only wanted to reform within the church not spilt the church

Thomas More (1478-1535)

• praised a devote Christian and spent lots of time in contraction

• wrote one of the most controversial and widely speculated things in his time in his book “utopia” (1516)

• Utopia (Latin for nowhere) was a book that was a social commentary on the world around More at the time, displayed somewhere in the new world the book described the idealistic life of humans if we gave ourselves to the law of reason nor power or fame

• Utopia is described as a communal and equitable space where each was given according to one’s needs.

• he later justified himself working for the king (henry VIII) as a realistic take on how to live his life because others are prejudiced against equitable lives with others

• even though he was an idealist he was always a realist on the other hand and displayed that in his own social commentary

The Eve of the Reformation

Catholic Corruption fueled the reformation, to pay for the completion of saint peters cathedral the church started to give out indulgences, pluralism(caused absentee in some church positions bc bishops archbishops, and other church officials took more than one job)

Basic Characteristics of the reformation

the selling of indulgences promoted the

Luther/Lutherism

Martin Luther's road to heresy

Early life

• miners son, law school dropout

• Struggle for salvation

• the wickedness of a man and insufficiency

Revelation

• salvation through faith alone

• (no church needed)

• Therefore the just shall live by faith- Roamans, pauls letter to the Romans

• the idea that you do not need to deserve salvation but you have it because you believe in Jesus

The indulgence Controversy

• 95 Theses (published 1517)

• you can buy Indulgence to get out of purgatory for yourself or relatives, emotional blackmail to get money for st. peters basilica

• 95 different reasons why the pope is wrong and that indulgences are wrong

• S

The splintering of the protestant movement

Switzerland

• the swiss confederation

• reform theology spreads too quickly to swiss towns or Cantons

  Zwingli In Zurich (1519-15 31)

• 1519: chosen as priest

• 1522: adopts luther ideals → the affair of sausages (party to get rid of Catholics, meet during lint)

• 1523-1531 ideas catch on and Spread to cantons(towns)

• attempted cooperation with Luther agreement on 14 to 15 articles

• disagreement on the eucharist breaks the deal

• killed in battle with cannon (1531)

The Luther problem: escalating acts of defiance

Leipzig debate 1519

• Johann Eck forces Luther to deny the authority of the pope

• Ja, Ich bin ein hussite ( i like jan huss)

Letter to the german Nobility 1520

• Formulates radical theology (why it’s profitable to side with further: control what peasants believe, keep the 1/3 of gold and silver they send to the church.)

• calls for nobles to oppose the pope

diet of the worms

• Here I stand I can do no other Ahmen

• invited to have an audience with the emporor

Propaganda war

Translates new testament into german

• Launches massive propaganda campaign

• between 1520 and 15 26, 25% of all pamphlets sold are works by Luther (1.5 mill.)

  A New Theology

• Sola faith = faith as the sole requirement for salvation

• sola = bible as a sole source of doctrine

A new church

• Church’s main purpose is to spread and maintain the faith

• pastors are to live as all the other men

• all individuals should read the bible→ Literacy

• secular rulers control and protect the church of their realm($$)

Spread of luthierism

• Towns and territorial lords in HRE are not Catholics anymore

The radical reformation

the problem with Sola Scriptura…

Church tradition existed to keep order telling people that they can interpret the bible caused people to have differing opinions

• Thomas Muntzer and the peasant wars 1525

• the Anabaptists and the Munster rebellion 1534

• allows different interpretations of the Bible

• Luther sides against the radicals, keeping support to the elite

The Anabaptists

• Polygamy is cool

• baptism has to be done when someone is old enough

• these beliefs are not popular making them try to take a city (the Anabaptists and Munster rebellion)

• the Anabaptists are starved for a year by the bishop

• the Anabaptists try to set up a holy city

Calvinism

• Calvin in Geneva (1541-1949)

• Trained as a lawyer in France, rejects catholicism around 1530

• flees to Switzerland, develops his own religious ideas, becomes leader of geneva, and is able to implement his new ideas

• ideas spread widely: other swiss towns,France and the Netherlands

  Predtmination

• God is all knowing→ he already knows if you are saved

• Constant work for the sake of community=salvation

• Dancing,drinking,gambling,non-reproductive sex,Laziness= Damnation

The church is the community of the elect Sign of damnation = expulsion from the church

Rejection of transubstation

• the bread is just bread

Anglicanism/apiscapalianism

Founded in 1533

the political motivation for the split

• Multiple divorces

• confiscation of church property's

A weak Protestantism Catholicism without a pope

150 years of religious turmoil

Puritans →

The religious wars of Philip II

Dutch/ 80 years war

Why…

Religious reasons, the ottomans

• (the Netherlands start being Calvists bc they were close to Germany)

• the Spanish try to attack the protestants but can’t because they don’t have the right ships

• they’re safe from ottomans but still, pay tax

Why they the spainish lost….

• dutch revolt but Spain can’t get to the Netherlands bc their navy supply for the Atlantic is In the Netherlands

• it takes months to get soldiers there and most of them die or desert the army

• no national identity makes the men’s morals bad

• spain’s rich so they keep going

• the dutch take spains empire/ takes spains money bc dutch takes Panama away and spains silver

  %%Technological advancements %%

• Star forts developed in Italy

• made to protect against cannons

• artificial hill basically

• cannons on all sides

• men had to camp outside camps

• dutch invent capitalism???

English

Complicated relationship with England

• marriage to mary I of England 1554-1558 to Philip II to make England and Spain into a catholic monarchy

• Mary dies and changes history, we would be catholic Spanish speakers

• proposal of marriage to Elizabeth I and rejection

  English competition in Atlantic

• Privetires & Exploration

• English support of dutch rebels

• the defeat of the Spanish armada(1588)

The decline of Spain

Expansion of ottomans halted

failure to unite chirisdom (back to Catholicism)

Declining Spanish econ.

• Inflation from silver imports

• loss of Netherlands

• defaults risk of bankruptcy

  Spanish rivals go unchecked

• England ascendant

• holland independent

• France emerges centralized after wars of religion

French Wars Of Religion

Factions 1560-1580

Royalists (strong royal house)

• Cathrine De’medici

  • Henry III

  • Francis II

Catholics

• Chill

• Extremists((called Catholic Leagues)) (Guise)

Huguenots(prodistants want to exist)

• House of bourbon

• Duc deConde

Spread of Calvinism in France by 1560

Henry II dies in 1559 Fron a lance to the face

Power Vacuum: Francis II and Duc de Guise(radical Catholic)

Protestant Plot and Cathlioc Reaction

• Protestants seek to remove Francis from Paris

• Plot discovered: the protestant

• Francis dies, Conde Escapes both sides prepare for War 1562

St. Bartolomew’s Massacare

• Cathrine demeici Calls for all protestants to be killed within a day

• Bad for extreme Cahliocs and royalists (most wanted normalcy but the queen and Catholics made life hard)

Renewal of conflict

• Shifting Factions

  • Huguenots and POlitiques(Politicas above Religion)

  • Isolated Crown (Losing power)

  • Extreme Cathliocs Arm Peasants and clergy

War of the 3 Henrys

• Henry III dies (Valois)

• Henry Guise Dies

• Henry Of Bourbon(was a protestant convert to take Paris)

**Edict Of The Nantes-**The Edict of Nantes was signed in April 1598 by King Henry IV and granted the Calvinist Protestants of France, also known as Huguenots, substantial rights

Effect: Crowns now Stable, Prodistants Now tolerated,s Spains’ rival is now Tolerates protestants.

30 Years War

• Pike shot war Far( people stand with pikes then people with guns behind them and shoot the enemy)

• still Mercenary Armies

• A large army eats all the food and takes German resources

• Germany loses 30-60% of pop.

each army leaves, fame, death,& sickness in its wake

The Spark Of the war(bohemian Phase)

• Ferdinand Habsburg attempts to revoke the religious freedom of Bohmian Protestants

• Protestant Noblemen throw Ferdinand's top advisers out of window(1618)

• Rebelling Protestants declare Fredrick V the new king of bohemians

• German and Bohman protestants face off against cathlioc forces from Austria, southern Germany, and Spain

• Protestants were crushed at the battle of white Mutian in 1620

Danish Phase

Habsburgsin on offince

• Elimination of Protestantism in bohemia and parts of southern Germany

• Spain renews war on the Netherlands (1621)

• Denmark forms a protestant alliance(1626)

• England, northern Germany holand

• secret funding from France

  Catholics advance north

• Catholic defeated a protestant alliance

• catholic occupation of northern Germany

Swedish phase

Sweden intervenes

• The Swedish war machine

  • Professional soldiers

  • Lights cannon(field artillery, Moveable cannons)

  • New infantry tactics (more muskets less pike)

• Push back Catholics

  • Battle of Lutzen(gustavis dies sweeds loose moral

• Protestants occupy southern Germany

Habsburgs V France

Habsburgs press on

The continued war against the Netherlands

push protestants back in Germany

France enters the war (1635)

The long conflict ends in the Spanish defeat

outdated military tactics

unable to compete militarily

the battle of recoil

war grind to halt in 1648

Peace of Westphalia 1648

• Brakes H.R.E --→ german princess gets sovereignty

  • Princes make Laws, and treaties, and don’t have to listen to the emperor

  • H.R.E is now a shell

Religious Toleration For Lutherans and Calvinists

Principles of state sovereignty (own internal affairs)

Political Impact

France UP

Spain DOWN

Austria DOWN 1/2

N.German princes UP AND DOWN

Sweden down 1/4

Denmark

Other impacts

The decline of the mercenary army(bc of Sweden)

rise of sovereign states

permeate army

non idolgical politics