hgap complete vocab

All living organisms on Earth

The science of making maps

The long-term average weather condition at a particular location

The spread of something over a given area

The sustainable management of a natural resource

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature/trend/culture throughout a population

A geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships

The fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group

The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group's distinct tradition

The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area

The process of the spread of a feature/trend/culture from one place to another over time

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface

The scientific study of ecosystems

A group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact

A 19th & 20th century approach to the study of geography that argued that the geography is the study of how the physical environment causes human activities

The spread of a feature/trend/culture among people from one area to another in an additive process

Uniform/homogenous region; an area in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristic

Nodal region; an area organized around a node or focal point

Geographic information system; a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data

Global positioning system; a system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers

Actions or processes that involve the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope

GMT; the time in the zone encompassing the prime meridian or 0 degrees longitude

The region from which innovative ideas originate

The spread of a feature/trend/culture from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places

An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude--when you cross the IDL heading east (towards the US) the clock moves back 24 hours; when you go west (toward Asia) the calendar moves ahead one day

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator (0 degrees)

The position of anything on Earth's surface

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian (0 degrees)

A two-dimensional, flat representation of Earth's surface or a portion of it

The relationship between the size of an object on a map and the size of the actual feature on Earth's surface

An arc drawn on a map between the North and South poles

Something produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans

A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians

The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area

A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic

Theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose an alternative course of action

The maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible

The meridian, designated by 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England

A system used to transfer locations from Earth's surface to a flat map

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another

The acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or from other long-distance methods

Something produced in nature more rapidly than it is consumed by humans

The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole

The physical character of place

The location of a place relative to another place

The reduction in time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation system

The spread of an underlying principle even through a specific characteristic is rejected

The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future

The name given to a portion of Earth's surface

A company that conducts research, operates factors, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located

The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy

Perceptual region; an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity

when an immigrant/ethnic group moving to a new area adopts the values and practices of the larger group while still maintaining major elements of their own culture

when an immigrant/ethnic group can no longer be distinguished from the receiving group

the coexistence of several cultures in one society--many argue that the interaction of cultures enriches the lives of all

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

The way people are spread across a given area.

• Climate

• Landforms

• Water

• Culture

• Economics

• History & Politics

• Areas with a high population density are more developed, and have greater job opportunity and competition.

• Areas with a low population density are less developed, and have fewer job opportunities + lower wages.

• Areas with a high population density have more options available regarding housing, and greater access to social services.

• Areas with a low population density have limited access to housing options and social services.

• Population determines how many representatives each state gets in Congress.

• Electoral districts are drawn to be roughly equal in population size.

• Redistricting (redrawing Electoral District boundaries) takes place every 10 years, following the census.

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

The number of people per unit area of arable land.

The number of farmers per unit area of farmland.

The maximum number of people that a region can support without environmental degradation.

The number of live births per 1,000 people in a given year.

The number of deaths per 1,000 people in a given year.

The difference between the number of live births and deaths occurring in a given year.

A bar graph displaying the distribution of a population by age and sex.

The average number of children born to each woman in a given region during the course of her lifetime.

...education, employment, healthcare, and contraceptives.

The number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular population, scaled to the size of that population, in a given duration of time.

The net number of migrants per 1,000 people within a region.

The duration of time required for the population of a region to double in size.

A long-term trend of declining birth and death rates.

Changing patterns of population distributions in relation to changing patterns of mortality, fertility, life expectancy, and leading causes of death.

The idea that population growth is exponential, while the growth of the food supply or other resources is linear, which eventually reduces living standards to the point of triggering mass death.

Policies designed with the intention of increasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area.

• To prevent labor shortages

• To prevent the loss of innovation that younger generations provide

• Aging populations could threaten national security

• Paid maternity leave

• Increased child allowances

• Encourage immigration

Policies designed with the intention of decreasing the birth rate/fertility rate of an area.

• Large populations impede economic development.

• Large populations strain natural and government resources.

• Coercion; forced sterilization programs, fines, penalties.

• Contraception, family planning, media campaigns encouraging smaller families.

• Low fertility rates (far below 2.1 replacement rate)

• Longer life expectancies

• Age-selective migration

• Decreased labor force.

• Slower economic growth.

• Increased elderly population.

Policies designed to place limits on how many migrants are allowed to enter a nation.

Laws and policies defining who can enter a country.

Birth control via the use of devices (such as condoms or pills).

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.

The percentage of people within a population who are too young or too old to work, dependent upon the labor of working-aged people within the population.

1. Most migration is over a short distance.

2. Migration occurs in steps.

3. Long-range migrants usually move to urban areas.

4. Each migration produces a movement in the opposite direction (although not necessarily of the same volume).

5. Natives of towns are less migratory than those of rural areas

6. Rural dwellers are more migratory than urban dwellers.

7. Within their own country females are more migratory than males, but males are more migratory over long distances.

8. Most migrants are adults.

9. Large towns grow more by migration than by natural increase.

10. Migration increases with economic development.

11. Migration is mostly due to economic causes.

A factor that encourages a person to migrate away from their original location.

A factor that encourages a person to migrate to a new location.

Factors that encourage people to remain at their current location (i.e. a job opening, a major economic boom, etc).

Factors that hinder or prevent people from migrating to a new location (i.e. a geographic barrier, immigration moratoriums, etc).

Migration to a new location against one's will, due to external factors (such as war/unrest, persecution, inclement weather, etc).

Migration to a new location at one's will (like wanting to be closer to family, wanting a better job, etc).