APUSH 27!!!!!!

Rights liberalism

The conviction that individuals require government protection from discrimination. This version of liberalism was promoted by the civil rights and women’s movements and focused on identities — such as race or gender — rather than the general social welfare of New Deal liberalism

Jim Crow

System of racial segregation in the South that lasted a century, from after the Civil War until the 1960s

Ghettos

All-black districts characterized by high rents, low wages, and inadequate city services. Employment discrimination and lack of adequate training left many African Americans without any means of support.

Redlining

excluded African American home buyers from the all-white suburbs emerging around major cities

Origins of movement/black middle class

• After WWII African Americans were tired of fighting for the country while facing discrimination at home

• Growth of the urban black middle class

• Experienced rapid growth after WWII

• Produced most of the civil

  rights leaders: ministers, teachers,

  trade unionists, attorneys, and

  other professionals

• More people were going to college (created new ideas)

• With access to education, media, and institutions, this new middle class had more resources than ever

• middle-class African Americans were in a

  position to lead a movement for change.

Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

A prominent black trade union of railroad car porters working for the Pullman Company

Double V campaign

victory over fascism abroad and victory over racism at home

Congress of Racial Equality

 Civil rights organization founded in 1942 in Chicago by James Farmer and other members of the Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) that espoused nonviolent direct action. In 1961 CORE organized a series of what were called Freedom Rides on interstate bus lines throughout the South to call attention to blatant violations of recent Supreme Court rulings against segregation in interstate commerce.

“To Secure These Rights”

The 1947 report by the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights that called for robust federal action to ensure equality for African Americans. President Truman asked Congress to make all of the report’s recommendations — including the abolition of poll taxes and the restoration of the Fair Employment Practices Commission — into law, leading to discord in the Democratic Party.

States’ Rights Democratic Party (Dixiecrats)

A breakaway party of white Democrats from the South, formed for the 1948 election. Its formation shed light on an internal struggle between the

civil rights aims of the party’s liberal wing and southern white Democrats. 

Racism against Mexican-Americans

- poll taxes kept most Mexican American citizens from voting

- discrimination by employers in agriculture and manufacturing so most lived just above poverty

- many lived in colonias or barrios often lacking sidewalks, reliable electricity and water, and public services

- Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) and inspired the Chicano movement of the 1960s

American GI Forum

A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans

Thurgood Marshall

- First African American on the Supreme Court

- In Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Marshall argued that such segregation was unconstitutional because it denied “equal protection of the laws” guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme Court ruling that overturned the “separate but equal” precedent established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

Southern Manifesto

signed by 101 members of Congress, denounced the Brown decision as “a clear abuse of judicial power” and encouraged local officials to defy it

President Eisenhower/view of segregation/Little Rock Nine

- Eisenhower accepted the Brown decision as the law of the land, but he thought it a mistake

- Little Rock nine: when nine black students attempted to enroll at the all-white school and white mobs attacked and yelled things

- Eisenhower sent 1,000 federal troops to Little Rock and nationalized the Arkansas National Guard, ordering them to protect the black students.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Yearlong boycott of Montgomery’s segregated bus system in 1955–1956 by the city’s African American population. The boycott brought Martin Luther King Jr. to national prominence and ended in victory when the Supreme Court declared segregated seating on public transportation unconstitutional.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference

After the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights leaders formed the SCLC in 1957 to coordinate civil rights activity in the South

Sit-In movement (Greensboro, NC)

- four black college students took seats at the whites-only lunch counter

- for three weeks, hundreds of students took turns sitting at the counters

- some got arrested but it worked because the lunch counter was desegregated

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee

A student civil rights group founded in 1960 under the mentorship of activist Ella Baker. SNCC initially embraced an interracial and nonhierarchical structure that encouraged leadership at the grassroots level and practiced the civil disobedience principles of Martin Luther King Jr. As violence toward civil rights activists escalated nationwide in the 1960s, SNCC expelled nonblack members and promoted “black power” and the teachings of Malcolm X.

Ella Baker

Ella Baker, an administrator with the SCLC, helped organize the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in 1960 to facilitate student sit-ins.

Freedom Rides/Response by Kennedy administration

People rode buses into the deep south. Klansmen attacked the buses when they stopped in small towns. Outside Anniston, Alabama, one bus was firebombed; and people were beaten. Attorney General Robert Kennedy to dispatched federal marshals to stop the violence.

Eugene “Bull” Connor

Birmingham’s public safety commissioner who ordered the city’s police troops to meet the marchers with violent force: snarling dogs, electric cattle prods, and high-pressure fire hoses.

Birmingham campaign/response by Kennedy administration

In May 1963, thousands of black marchers tried to picket Birmingham’s department stores. Television cameras captured the scene for the evening news. King wrote his speech in jail.

Outraged by the brutality in Birmingham and embarrassed by King’s imprisonment for leading a nonviolent march, President Kennedy decided that it was time to act, so he promised a new civil rights bill

March on Washington

 Officially named the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, on August 28, 1963, a quarter of a million people marched to the Lincoln Memorial to demand that Congress end Jim Crow racial discrimination and launch a major jobs program to bring needed employment to black communities

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations illegal. It was the strongest such measure since Reconstruction and included a ban on sex discrimination in employment

Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party

Party founded in Mississippi during the Freedom Summer of 1964. Its members attempted to attend the 1964 Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, New Jersey, as the legitimate representatives of their state, but Democratic leaders refused to recognize the party

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law passed during Lyndon Johnson’s administration that empowered the federal government to intervene to ensure minorities’ access to the voting booth.

Black nationalism

 a major strain of African American thought that emphasized black racial pride and autonomy. Present in black communities for centuries, it periodically came to the fore, as in Marcus Garvey’s pan-Africanist movement in the early twentieth century and in various organizations in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the Nation of Islam and the Black Panther Party.

Nation of Islam

A religion founded in the United States that became a leading source of black nationalist thought in the 1960s. Black Muslims preached an apocalyptic brand of Islam, anticipating the day when Allah would banish the white “devils” and give the black nation justice

Malcolm X

Supported black nationalism. Had little interest in changing the minds of hostile whites and instead wanted to strength the black community.

Black Panther Party

A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, founded in Oakland, California, in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale. In the late 1960s the organization spread to other cities, where members undertook a wide range of community-organizing projects, but the Panthers’ radicalism and belief in armed self defense resulted in violent clashes with police

1972 National Black Political Convention

a meeting that brought together radicals, liberals, and centrists, debate centered on whether to form a third political parties

Kerner Commission Report

A report that looked at race in America, concluding that “Our nation is moving toward two societies, one black, one white — separate and unequal.” The report placed the riots in a sociological context.

United Farm Workers

A union of farmworkers founded in 1962 by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta that sought to empower the mostly Mexican American migrant farmworkers who faced discrimination and exploitative conditions, especially in the Southwest

American Indian Movement

The organization was established in 1968 to address the problems Indians faced in American cities, including poverty and police harassment. AIM organized Indians to end relocation and termination policies and to win greater control over their cultures and communities

Wounded Knee, South Dakota

The site of the infamous 1890 massacre of the Sioux, Wounded Knee was situated on the Pine Ridge Reservation, where young AIM activists had cultivated ties to sympathetic elders.