Chapter 7 review psych

a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience

learning to associate one stimulus with another

learning to associate a response with a consequence

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

-unconditioned stimulus (meat) caused unconditioned response (salivation) in dogs
-Pavlov repeatedly rang a bell (neutral stimulus) before placing meat in the dogs' mouth
- initially, the dogs didn't react much when they only heard the bell w/o receiving meat
-After repeating procedure several times, dogs began to salivate when they heard the bell (even if he did not deliver meat)
-turned the bell (neutral) into a conditioned stimulus

condition stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus

an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place

when the US doesnt follow the CS then the CR begins to decrease and eventually dies out

after a rest period an extinguished CR comes back but if the CS alone persists then the CR becomes extinct again

respond to stimuli similar to CS

ability to distinguish between a CS and another stimuli

learning is constrained by an animal's biology

Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.

associate natural stimuli that is similar to natural predisposition

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat

Tried to make him scared of white rats and it worked. Had no prior fear of any animal. Every time he reached for the rat they would strike a steel bar making a loud noise scaring him. Fear of rats and other animals that were smiliar like rat, dog, rabbit, white mask, furry things.

Mary Cover Jones deconditioned kids from their fear by slowly moving a rabbit closer and closer to child as they were eating

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

behaviorism; Law of Effect-relationship between behavior and consequence

rewarded behavior is likely to occur again

Behaviorist that developed the theory of operant conditioning by training pigeons and rats

A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

increase behavior after a response

naturally reinforcing stimulus

learned reinforcer that gets reinforcing power by association with primary reinforcer

occurs instantly after behavior

delayed in time for a certain behavior

reinforce each time it occurs

reinforce only part of the time

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

way to decrease behavior

formed by classical conditioning

formed by operant conditioning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

cognitive processes play a role in learning

a theory that proposes that the best course of action in any situation depends on the specifics of the situation

-mental representation of our environment
-ex) knowing where 1st period is

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

desire to perform for ones sake

perform due to promised rewards or avoid punishment

animals and ppl tend to do less desireable things to get to do more desireable things

Learning through observing others.

learning thorugh observing and imitating others

if u see consequence another receives and learn through it

learning by observation begins in early life

kids learn thorugh imitating others who receive rewards and punishments on TV

positive, constructive, helpful behavior

detrimental, destructive, unhelpful behavior