Chapter 8: Fluency Disorders

Speech Language Testing

________- receptive and expressive vocabulary /language skills, articulation.

Fluency

speech that is effortless, easy, rhythmical, evenly flowing

Disfluency

speech with phrase repetitions, interjections (fillers in speech), pauses, revisions

Speech disfluencies

interfere with the ability to communicate effectively and may cause the speakers to have negative emotional reactions

Stuttering

high number or duration of repetitions, prolongations, and/or blockages that interrupt speech

Stuttering is often combined with

excessive mental and physical effort to resume talking (struggle)

Stutters may have a

Negative perception of their communication abilities, low self-esteem

Core behaviors of primary stuttering

repetitions, prolongations, blocks

Prolongations

stretch out a sound for the long period of time ex

Blocks

silent prolongations (car, hold tongue tightly in the /k/ positions)

Secondary stuttering behaviors

counterproductive adaptations that started out as a way to help the stutterer

Person who stutters has

more negative concepts about themselves, high levels of concerns regarding their speech

Less efficient motor systems

may contribute to stuttering

Stuttering-like disfluencies

3/100 words

Demands and Capacity Model (DCM)

disfluencies are likely to occur in childrens speech when there is an imbalance between the demands for fluency and the childs capacity to produce fluent speech

Growth spurt

motor speech control, language, cognition and temperament

Chronic stuttering

used to refer to individuals who stutter into adulthood

Genetics

natural recovery is more likely in children who do not have relatives who stutter

Negative Feelings and Attitudes

feeling that stuttering controls the person

Avoidance

avoid certain sounds/words/speaking situations

Difficulties with Speech Motor Control

evidence of unusual patterns of breathing, vocalizing, and speaking even when they are not stuttering; variance of rate

Difficulties with Language Formation

linguistic variables such as phonology, semantics, and syntax may contribute to stuttering

Screening

hearing, OME, voice quality

Speech/Language Testing

receptive and expressive vocabulary/language skills, articulation

Feelings and Attitudes

Scales that patients self-report

Stuttering Modification

helps the stutterer change his stuttering so that it is relaxed and easy

Fluency Shaping

establish a fluent manner of speaking that replaces stuttering

Charles Van Riper (1960s)

a founding father of speech pathology, specifically articulation and stuttering

Cancellations

stuttering is modified after a stuttered word is completed

Pull outs

stuttering is modified within the moment of stuttering

Preparatory Set

modify the stuttering before it occurs

"Turtle talk"

slow easy onset

Cluttering

rapid bursts of dysrhythmic, unintelligible speech