Chapter 12: Earth's Internal Processes

A(n) ________, in which an object is stretched or lengthened.

A(n) ________, in which an object is twisted.

________: The sudden release of strain energy when rock moves along a fault.

________ are caused by forces that act on rocks.

________: Where plates come together.

A(n) ________ is a crack in Earths crust along which rock has moved.

________: The point on Earths surface directly above the focus.

________: the oceanic side bending and being forced downward beneath the continental slab.

________: long, linear, dropped- down valley between twin, parallel mountain ranges produced by faulting.

________ are volcanically active sites that occur in places where large quantities of magma move to the surface in large, column- like plumes.

________ is caused by a combination of forces.

Many volcanoes occur on Earth along ________, over hot spots, or in rift valleys.

To study Earths interior, geologists use ________.

All ________ expelled by a volcano are collectively called pyroclasts.

________: The boundary between two plates that are moving apart.

The ________ separates Earth's crust.

________ can expel a variety of materials.

Friction between a plate and ________ below the plate probably has a major effect on plate motion.

________: The boundary between two layers of material that have different densities.

________ is less dense than the surrounding rock and is forced upward.

________: When the primary eruptive products are large fragments of solid material; tend to be small, with most cones having heights in the hundreds of meters range.

________: formed from alternating highly explosive events that form pyroclastic materials, and lava flows; composed of alternating layers, are large, often thousands of meters high and tens of kilometers across the base.

________ can not travel in Earth's liquid outer core, but P- waves pass through the outer core and the solid inner core.

When a(n) ________ occurs, seismic waves spread out and travel through Earth.

A(n) ________ is a feature that forms when magma reaches the surface.

________ hypothesized that the continents were moving by pushing through the ocean floor.

________ that has erupted onto Earths surface is called lava.

A(n) ________ is the sudden movement or vibration of the ground that occurs when rocks slip along enormous cracks in Earths crust.

long, linear, dropped-down valley between twin, parallel mountain ranges produced by faulting

The boundary between two plates that are moving apart

Where plates come together

the oceanic side bending and being forced downward beneath the continental slab

the horizontal motion of two plates past each other

The sudden release of strain energy when rock moves along a fault

point of origin of an earthquake

The point on Earths surface directly above the focus

The boundary between two layers of material that have different densities

weaker, plasticlike layer upon which Earths lithospheric plates move

a measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow

When the primary eruptive products are large fragments of solid material; tend to be small, with most cones having heights in the hundreds of meters range

form from high-temperature, fluid, basaltic lava and erupt with abundant lava flows that can move for kilometers over Earths surface before stopping; broad, flat structures made up of layer upon layer of lava

formed from alternating highly explosive events that form pyroclastic materials, and lava flows; composed of alternating layers, are large, often thousands of meters high and tens of kilometers across the base

the horizontal motion of two plates past each other.

point of origin of an earthquake

weaker, plasticlike layer upon which Earth’s lithospheric plates move.

a measure of the resistance of a fluid to flow.