DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The breakdown of ingested food.

The passage of nutrients into the blood.

The production of cellular energy (ATP).

A continuous coiled hollow tube in the digestive system.

Organs that assist in digestion but are not part of the alimentary canal.

The anatomical structures of the mouth, including lips, cheeks, hard palate, soft palate, uvula, vestibule, oral cavity, and tongue.

Palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil, which are part of the oral cavity.

The anatomical structures of the pharynx, including nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Serving as a passageway for air and food, and propelling food to the esophagus.

The tube that conducts food from the pharynx to the stomach through peristalsis.

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa, and visceral peritoneum.

The anatomical structures of the stomach, including its location ARE…

Acting as a storage tank for food, site of food breakdown, initiation of protein digestion, and delivering chyme to the small intestine.

Simple columnar epithelium, mucous neck cells, gastric glands, chief cells, parietal cells, and endocrine cells.

The body's major digestive organ, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Enzymes from intestinal cells and pancreas, and bile from the gall bladder.

Fingerlike structures in the small intestine that increase its surface area for absorption.

Water, nutrients, and lipids are absorbed through active transport, diffusion, and specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals.

The organ that absorbs water, eliminates indigestible food as feces, and does not participate in digestion.

Cecum, appendix, colon, and rectum.

No digestive enzymes are produced, resident bacteria digest remaining nutrients, and water and vitamins are absorbed.

Salivary glands, teeth, pancreas, liver, and gall bladder.

Glands that produce saliva, including parotid glands, submandibular glands, and sublingual glands.

Structures that masticate (chew) food, including deciduous teeth and permanent teeth.

The gland that produces digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid, and also has endocrine functions.

The largest gland in the body, involved in digestion, detoxification, hormone degradation, and metabolism.

The sac that stores bile produced by the liver.

Ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, and defecation.

Alternating waves of contraction that move foods from one region of the digestive system to another.

Moving materials back and forth to aid in mixing.

Mixing of food in the mouth by the tongue; Churning of food in the stomach; Segmentation in the small intestine.

End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph; Food must enter mucosal cells and then into blood or lymph capillaries.

Elimination of indigestible substances as feces.

Controls most reflexes in digestive activity.

Located in organ walls that trigger reflexes.

Stretch of the organ; pH of the contents; Presence of breakdown products.

Activation or inhibition of glandular secretions; Smooth muscle activity.

Substance used by the body for growth, maintenance, and repair.

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water.

Simple sugars, starches, fiber.

Triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids.

Amino acids.

Energy intake = total energy output (heat + work + energy storage).

Liberated during food oxidation.

Heat is usually about 60%; Storage energy is in the form of fat or glycogen.