Biomechanics -- All Terms

Closer to the head

Farther from the head

Toward the front of the body

Toward the back of the body

Toward the midline of the body

Away from the midline of the body

Closer to the trunk

Away from the trunk

Toward the surface of the body

Inside the body, away from skin surface

Moving away from midline of body or body part

Moving toward the midline of body or body part

Moving to the superior position

Moving to the inferior position

Turning about the vertical axis of the bone

Rotating forearm laterally (palm faces front of body)

Rotating forearm medially (palm faces back of body)

Turning the foot in toward the center

Turning the foot out to the hip

Pointing toes

Lifting toes while keeping heel on ground

Circumscribing a conical area, involving flexion, abduction,

extension, and adduction in sequence

Joints connected by fibrous tissue with no joint cavity.

Bony surfaces are immovable or have very little

movement relative to one another. (i.e. tib-fib joint)

Joints in which cartilage (ex. fibrocartilage or sometimes hyaline)

exists at the interface but there is no joint cavity.

Bony surfaces are immovable or have some

movement relative to one another.

Allow for a large degree of relative motion

between the opposing bones and contain a joint

cavity. All are diarthrodial (freely moveable).

Freely movable joints

Synovial joins have a lone of this type of cartilage layering the ends of the involved bones.

Synovial joinds are encloused by a strong…

This membrane lines the inner surface of a synovial joint capsule

T or F: Synovial joints have nerve fibers and blood vessels for the membranes.

latin word

meaning “purse” is a

flattened fibrous sac

lined by a synovial

membrane to reduce

friction

An elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Synovial joints, but another name

Ball and socket (shoulder)

Condylid (wrist)

Gliding (intercarpal joints)

Hinge joint (elbow, knee)

Pivot (radius to ulna joint)

Saddle (thumb joint)

Type of Cartilage
– Distribution of loads over joint surface

– Improvement of fit of articulating surfaces (femoral

condyles and tibial plateau)

– Limitation of bone slip within joint

– Protection of periphery of articulation

– Lubrication

– Shock absorption

Type of Cartilage
Dense, white connective tissue that provides a protective

lubrication.

– 1-5 mm thick (varies depending on anatomical site)

– Coats the ends of articulating bones in diarthrodial joints

– Load support via the thickness, surface contour, and material

properties

Type of Cartilage
Larynx, epiglottis, external ear

Three main mechanical functions for bones with musculoskeletal system

Bone material constituents that help with stiffness and compressive strength.

Bone material constituents that help with tensile strength.

All bone material consituents

Compact, mineralized connective tissue with low porisity

Type of bone tissue most likely found in the shafts of long bones

Type of bone tissue categorized by less compact mineralized connective tissue with high porosity.

Type of bone tissue most likely found in the ends of long bones

Type of bone tissue most likely found in the vertebrae

Type of bone tissue that makes up 80% of skeletal mass

Type of bone tissue that makes up 20% of skeletal mass

Type of bone tissue that can withstand greater stress

Type of bone tissue that can withstand greater strain

Characteristic that describes a material’s different mechanical properties depending on direction

Equation for internal stress (Tension)

Equation for internal stress (Compression)

Equation for internal stress (Shear)

Equation for internal stress (Bending)

Equation for internal stress (Torsion)

“Bone adapts (remodels) in response to the mechanical loads placed on it.”

Number of bones in the adult body

Number of bones in the axial skeleton

A shallow, dish-shaped depression in a bone that can

serve as an articular surface or as a muscle

attachment.

A bony prominence (i.e. the protruding part of the scapula)

A rounded projection of bone to which a ligament,

tendon, or muscle attaches; usually created or

enlarged by the stress of the muscle's pull on that

bone during growth. Usually roughened.

A rounded process or projection of a bone that

articulates with another bone (i.e. the round part of a “cartoon” bone)

A small condyle (usually a site for muscle/ligament

attachment) on or near a condyle

Blunt irregularly shaped bony projection (femur)

A small, fairly flat, smooth surface of a bone, that is

usually an articular surface

A hole in a bone through which nerves or vessels pass (i.e. holes in the pelvis)

Functions of Muscle

Muscles aid the skeleton by…

Two types of skeletal muscle activity

Static activity

Dynamic activity

Smallest bit of a muscle that can contract

(Less/More) muscle fibers making up a motor movement increases the degree of contractility.

Slow Oxidative Fibers

Pennate Fiber Arrangement

Parallel Fiber Arrangement

Force transmission of this arrangement is dependant on the angle.

Force transmission of this arrangement is always 100%

___________ arranged fibers shorten more and have greater range of motion, but the ________ arrangement is more powerful.

Concentric

Isometric

Eccentric

Lowering a weight during a bicep curl.

• Concentric

• Isometric

• Eccentric

Raising a weight during a bicep curl.

• Concentric

• Isometric

• Eccentric

Agonist

Antagonist

Agonists and antagonists are typically paired an __________ sides of a joint.

Stabilizer

Neutralizer

Origin

Insertion

The (insertion/origin) is pulled toward the (insertion/origin).

The origin is ________ (direction) to the insertion.

(Ligaments/Tendons) are weaker and less stiff than (Ligaments/Tendons)