Oral comm finals

Locution (Utterance) illocution (Intention) Perlocution (Response)

Definition and Types of Speech Acts

J. L. Austin (1962)

A philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act Theory

Speech Act

an utterance that serves a function in communication.

Speech Act

not into how knowledgeable you are in the language use but appropriateness in language use is even more important

Speech Act

might contain just one word, as in "Sorry!", to perform an apology, or several words or sentences.

Locutionary act

what we say

illocutionary act

intention

Perlocutionary act

effect

indirect speech acts

occur when there is no direct connection betwee1n the form of the utterance and the intended meaning.

Performative utterance

said by the right person under the right circumstances results in a change in the world.

john Searle (1976 )

A professor from the University of California, Berkeley, classified illocutionary acts into five distinct categories.

1. Assertive

2. Directive

3. Commissive

4. Expressive

5. Declaration

classified illocutionary acts into five distinct categories

Assertive

truth of a proposition

Directive

perform an action

Commissive

Futuristic

Expressive

Express feelings

Declaration

Brings change in external situation

Communicative competence

The ability to use linguistic knowledge to effectively communicate with others is essential for a speaker to be able to use and understand speech acts.

COHEN (1990)

states that strategies must be used to start and maintain a conversation.

Nomination

You try to open a topic with the people your are talking to

Restriction

These instructions confine you as a speaker and limit what you can say.

Turn-taking

Give all communicators a chance to speak. Do not hog the conversation and talk incessantly without letting the other party air out their own ideas.

Topic control

how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations

Topic shifting

Involves moving from one topic to another. It is where one part of a conversation ends and where another begins.

Repair

refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation

Termination

refers to the conversation participants' close-initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation

Speech Writing Process

The process for writing is not chronological or linear; rather, it is recursive. That means you have the opportunity to repeat a writing procedure indefinitely, or produce multiple drafts first before you can settle on the right one.

Conducting an audience analysis

entails looking into the profile of your target audience. This is done so you can tailor-fit your speech content and delivery to your audience.

demography

(age range, male-female ratio, educational background and affiliations or degree program taken, nationality, economic status, academic or corporate designations)

situation

(time, venue, occasion, and size)

psychology

(values, beliefs, attitudes, preferences, cultural and racial ideologies, and needs)

informative speech

provides the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea presented by the speaker.

entertainment speech

provides the audience with amusement.

persuasive speech

provides the audience with well-argued ideas that can influence their own beliefs and decisions.

Narrowing down a topic

means making your main idea more specific and focused. The strategies in selecting a topic can also be used when you narrow down a topic.

Data gathering

is the stage where you collect ideas, information, sources, and references relevant or related to your specific topic.

Writing patterns

in general, are structures that will help you organize the ideas related to your topic.

outline

a hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas.

body of the speech

provides explanations, examples, or any details that can help you deliver your purpose and explain the main idea of your speech.

introduction

is the foundation of your speech. Here, your primary goal is to get the attention of your audience and present the subject or main idea of your speech

conclusion

restates the main idea of your speech. Furthermore, it provides a summary, emphasizes the message, and calls for action.

Editing/Revising

your written speech involves correcting errors in mechanics, such as grammar, punctuation, capitalization, unity, coherence, and others.

Andrew Dlugan (2013)

an award- winning public speaker, lists six power principles for speech editing.

Edit for focus Edit for clarity Edit for concision Edit for continuity Edit for variety Edit for impact and beauty

six power principles for speech editing.

Rehearsing

gives you an opportunity to identify what works and what does not work for you and for your target audience.

Components of speech writing

1. Conducting an audience analysis

2. Determining the purpose of the speech

3. Selecting a topic

4. Data gathering

5. writing patterns

6. preparing an outlines

7. editing/ revising

8. Rehearsing

speech

formal address or discourse delivered to an audience

Extemporaneous speech

• speaking with limited preparation

• guided by notes

• Delivered conversationally

Impromptu speech

• speaking without advanced preparation

• unrehearsed speech

• natural speaking

Manuscript

• speaking with advanced preparation

• planned and rehearsed

Memorized

• speaking with advanced preparation

• planned and rehearsed

• Reciting