environmental science

amount of energy available form a resource minus the amount of energy needed to make it available

the amount of oil or natural resources contained under a piece of lan with 90% greater probability of profitable extraction

unrefined petroleum

the maximum

occurs when the nuclei of certain isotopes with large mass numbers (such as uranium-235) are split apart into lighter nuclei when struck by a neutron and release energy. Each fission also releases neutrons, which can cause more nuclei to fission.

where the nuclei of two isotopes of a light element such as hydrogen are forced together at extremally high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process

the use of less energy to perform the same task or produce the same result

energy that comes from a renewable source and therefore cannot runout

energy that comes from a nonrenewable source and can run out and often times has negative environmental effects

the sue of the sun’s energy directly for either heating or cooling purposes

solar and wind energy

ample supply, medium to high net energy, low cost when environmental costs are not included

severe land disturbance and water pollution, fine particle and toxic mercury emissions threaten human health, emits large amounts of co2 and other air pollutants when produced and burned

decreased

plants

little of no direct emission of co2 and other ai pollutants, easy to install move around and expand, competitive cost for newer cells

need access to sun, need electricity storage system or backup low net energy but likely to improve, solar cellpowerd plants could disrupt desert ecosystems

Because of government subsidies and tax breaks for solar cell producers and users and rapidly declining prices, solar cells have become the world’s fastest growing way to produce electricity

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decreased by 83%

We can convert solar energy directly into electrical energy using photovoltaic (PV) cells, commonly called solar cells. Most solar cells are thin transparent wafers of purified silicon (Si) or polycrystalline silicon with trace amounts of metals that allow them to conduct electricity.

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fractional distillation

a drilling method used to extract petroleum (oil) or natural gas from deep in the Earth

natural gas

methane

the time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value.

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The spent-fuel rods are so thermally hot and highly radioactive that they cannot be simply thrown away. Researchers have found that 10 years after being removed from a reactor, a single spent-fuel rod assembly can still emit enough radiation to kill a person standing 1 meter (39 inches) away in less than 3 minutes.

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1. remove and store the highly radioactive parts in a permanent, secure repository (which does not yet exist);

2. install a physical barrier around the plant and set up full-time security for 30 to 100 years before dismantling the plant and storing its radioactive parts in a repository; and

3. enclose the entire plant in a concrete and steel-reinforced tomb, called a containment structure

1. there is a large supple, it will keep oil prices lower, enormous growth potential, stable source country, GHG emissions could potentially be minimized through CCS

methane and carbon dioxide

1. RPThawing permafrost could thereby result in a positive feedback loop in which thawing causes faster warming, resulting in more thawing.

adding insulation, using LED lighting, and installing a heat pump

PROS: renewable, low emissions, reliable, safe. CONS; environmental consequences, expensive to build, drought potential, limited reserves

dams reservoirs and rivers?

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PROS: reliable, abundant, waste reduction , carbon neutral,  CONS: expensive, requires space, greenhouse gas emissions, environmental impact, inefficient

greenhouse, homes, fisheries, and industrial processes. heat and electricity

1. The largest sources of methane emissions from human activities in the United States are oil and gas systems, livestock enteric fermentation, and landfills.Jun 9, 2022

coal

corn

SMALL

It is advantageous to locate wind turbines over water because winds there are generally stronger and steadier over water and the turbine structures themselves are not as visible as when on land.

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