HWHII Midterm 2024

a system of governance of that relies on the exchange of labor and goods for protection and land

Overthrows the Umayyad, ruled from Baghdad, Islamic Golden Age

capitol of Abbasid caliphate, modern day iraq

In Islamic Golden age; Place to learn/invent; place for scholars; in Baghdad

Nomadic civilization based in Central Asia that built the largest continuous land empire in history

series of religious wars between European Christian forces and Muslim Turks over control of the Holy Land

when aspects of two cultures blend together and spread

blood brother oath, sacred vow, a bond that joins lives as one

Big Public Works project that began under Shi Huangdi but was expanded by Kublai Khan; communication/trade w Beijing

a time of peace and safety WITHIN Mongolian society

the alphabet adopted by the Mongols after defeating the Uyghurs

The Northern and Southern Song dynasties united; ruled by Kublai Khan

capital of Mongolia during Genghis Khan period

legal code created by Genghis Khan that regulated safety on the silk road.

Adapting policies to fit with Chinese culture; making something more Chinese

type of rule where policies and laws are designed to benefit citizens

Eastern Roman Empire after the fall of Rome in 476CE

Turkish Empire that conquered the Byzantine Empire

Major trading city that connects Europe with Asia

Year Constantinople fell

a period of rebirth and revival of Greek, Roman, and Islamic knowledge that occurred in Europe beginning in Italy around 1350 CE

Monetary sponsorship of artists by wealthy families or individuals

wealthy city in Italy; birthplace of the Renaissance

a philosophy that usually rejects supernaturalism and stresses an individual's dignity and worth and capacity for self-realization through reason

the first European gold coin used in Florence

effects of this invention are: more people learn to read, text is translated into vernacular language, people start questioning church, Renaissance spreads North

disagreement with the Catholic Church that led to the formation of new Christian religions

free passes to heaven

Where the Protestant Reformation began

a list of disagreements against Church; posted on church door by Martin Luther

a council that determined how to handle Martin Luther’s disagreements with the Church

when Charles V made it legal to be Lutheran

Church’s attempt to clarify church doctrine, strengthen spirituality, attack Protestant faith

attacks heretics and protestants, tribunal held by Church to accuse and charge people of heresy

started by Ignatius of Loyola, a group of missionaries that focused evangelizing through Education

sea-based trade routes

Return of ethnic (Han); Chinese rule to China, return of Chinese & Confucian ideas to the throne; Getting rid of Mongol Influence

(China) right to rule comes from heaven and can be lost if leaders are not virtuous

Middle Kingdom; above earth but below Heaven

expeditions undertaken by the Ming Dynasty’s treasure fleet

Chinese name for Giraffes because they were brought back on ship by Zheng He as a gift to the emperor; shows China’s greatness

the virtue of exhibiting the proper love and respect for one's parents, elders, and ancestors, particularly within the context of Confucian identity

Yongle Emperor; walled off palace only for emperor that’s built according to Confucian values

the form for conducting trade and relations with China

the dominated trade of silver throughout many countries and continents

Spanish mine in Mexico

Spanish mine in Bolivia

the exchange of new crops, animals, diseases etc between the Americas and Afroeurasia; started due to European contact with the Americas

economic concept that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world; must “take” wealth

the transportation of African people, mainly to the Americas, to work as slaves.

a system of government where a monarch rules with compete, unregulated power; power is inherited and from God

a doctrine saying that kings receive their authority to rule from God and not from their subjects

evoked by Louis XIV which removed freedom of religion

period of uprisings in France that traumatized Louis XIV

an assembly of representatives from all three estates in France to address the issue of tax

clergy, 1% of people, filled with religious leaders and King, owned 10% of land in France

2% of people, rich nobles, owned about 20% of the land

97% of people, three groups of people made up this estate

Third estate; middle class; bankers, factory owners etc; often well-educated ; paid high taxes and believed strongly in Enlightenment ideas

poorest group in the Third estate; tradespeople, domestic servants etc; often went hungry, would create mobs

largest group in the third estate: 80% of people, paid half their wages to Church, King, and nobles

A major internal upheaval in France that sought to change the dynamic between rulers and those they governed

A major upheaval in Haiti that sought for abolitionism and independence from France

a major upheaval in the United States that sought for independence from Britain

a major upheaval in Mexico that sought for abolitionism and for independence from Spain

word to describe the Spanish lineage and social class system in Latin America

first on Mexican hierarchy, Spanish people born in Spain; essentially the white people.

second on Mexican hierarchy; Spanish people born in the colonies; eventually referred to themselves as mexicanos

third on the Mexican hierarchy; people mixed with Spanish and Native blood, majority of the population

Fourth on the Mexican hierarchy; Heavily looked down on by the Spaniards, considered lazy and untrustworthy. They were used for labor.

last on the Mexican hierarchy; used as slaves; very strict regulations

a person born in Latin America to parents of African and Native descent

Great Mongol leader that united all the tribes

Genghis’s birth name

Genghis’s grandson that ruled

How was Kublai different from Genghis

Italian artist/sculptor during the Renaissance that made the David and the Sistine Chapel; sponsored by Pope Julius II, Pope Leo X, Lorenzo de Medici; Florence and Roman Papal States

Italian architect that was sponsored by Cosimo de Medici, created II Duomo, and was in the Florence patronage

rich, banking family in Italy, patrons

invented the printing press

famous Italian painter that painted the Mona Lisa

very religious Catholic monk who disagrees with Church and publishes a list of 95 theses

Holy Roman Emperor during Protestant Reformation, hates that pope has more power

“kidnaps” ML which allowed him to start Lutheranism because of his exile

Elizabeth I’s father; British king

Zhu Yuanzhang; Important Ming emperor, foundee of the Ming dynasty

“Scar”; Zhu Di, emperor after Hongwu Emperor

not an emperor; Admiral of the Ming Fleet; appointed by Yongle Emperor; eunuch

Italian but sailed for Spain, explored Carribean, 1492

Portuguese; Sailed around Africa to India; 1497

Portuguese but sailed for Spain; Circumnavigated the Globe, 1522

Portuguese, Navigation Education & Sponsorship in 1400s

“life, liberty, property”, inspired the Declaration of Independence

the social contract; anti-slavery, all men are created equal, children’s education, debated with Mary Wollstonecraft (sexist)

separation of powers, checks and balances, eliminates ability for total control

separation of church and state(religious freedom), freedom of speech

Criollo priest and father of the Independence movement that gave the Grito of Dolores speech; was captured, trialed, and executed

English; Married a Catholic French Princess; prompts a civil war, disbanded Parliament, not considered a good ruler

English; Daughter of King Henry VIII, successfully restores protestant faith to England, never married/no children, Golden Age of England

French; famous for his extravagance, reigned for 72 years, as a boy experienced the Fronde which traumatized him, built versailles