APES Sem. 1 Final (Study)

When the population doesn’t grow or decline

The effect of current age structure on future population growth

% of increase or decrease in a population

Annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population of a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

Annual number of deaths per 1,000 people in the population of a a geographic area at the midpoint of a given year

Number of babies out of every 1,000 born each year that die before their first birthday

An estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years

Having a lot of wealth such as money, goods, or property

The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations

Economy has high growth & security when looking at the gross domestic product per capita income and general standard of living

Exhibits lowest indicators of socioeconomic development with low incomes, human resource weaknesses, and economic vulnerabilities that include weak natural resources or population displacement

Persons entering a country

Persons exiting a country

As a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

Having just enough infants born to main the population (2.1 children per woman)

An energy source with a finite supply. Fossil Fuels and Nuclear Fuels. "Once they're gone, there's no more"

Derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)

Derived from radioactive materials that give off energy

Those that are bought and sold, (coal, oil, wood, etc)

Those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs. More used in developing countries.

Something that can move and deliver energy into a convenient, usable form to end users.

Large device that will turn to spin a shaft of a generator which produces electricity.

Connects power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.

Maximum Electrical output of a plant

Fraction of time a plant is operating.

Combined heat and power. Use of fuel to generate electricity and heat.

Solid fuel formed by remains of plants that were preserved at least 280 million years ago.

Widely used fossil fuel. Mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.

Liquid petroleum that is removed from the ground. Oil=crude oil=petroleum

Slow flowing viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water and clay.

(Tar/Pitch) Degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum deposit is not capped with nonporous rock.

Coal to liquid. Process to make solid coal a liquid fuel

Total energy is increasing, but energy per person is staying constant.

Maximum amount of oil that can be extracted before it begins to decline.

Nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus which then splits into 2 or more parts.

Containment structure enclosing the nuclear fuel which is contained in a cylindrical tube.

Cylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons. thus slowing and stopping the fission reaction.

Waste after the nuclear fuel is used up and can't produce heat, but still emits radioactivity.

Measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays.

Another unit of measure for radiation. 37 billion decays per second.

Reaction that powers the Sun and other stars. Lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. Lots of heat is generated.

Finding ways to use less energy

Customers pay a low rate for the first increment of electricity they use and pay higher rates as their use goes up.

Greatest quantity of energy used at any one time.

Technique that takes advantage of solar radiation to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building.

Ability of a material to retain heat or cold. Stay hot when heated or cold when cooled.

An energy source that can be regenerated indefinitely AS LONG AS it is not overharvested (wood, biomass, etc.)

An energy source that CAN'T be used up (Sun, wind, etc.)

In energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondependable

Biomass can be processed or refined into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.

Carbon in biomass

Carbon in fossil fuels.

An activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations

Removing more timber than is replaced by growth. Unsustainable practice -> Deforestation.

Alcohol. Made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.

A diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants (bio-)

Can run on either gas or E-85 (85% ethanol, 15% gas) fuel.

Electricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water. 2nd most common form of renewable energy.

Hydroelectricity generation, water behind a low dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river.

Storing water in a reservoir behind a dam. Allows for on demand electricity generation.

Comes from the movement of water. This is driven by the gravitational pull of the moon.

Technologies capture the energy of sunlight with the use of technologies. Includes, Small scale solar water heating systems, photovoltaic solar cells etc.

Capture energy from the sun as light, not heat, and convert it directly to electricity.

Heat that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within the earth.

Take advantage of the high thermal inertia of the ground.

Widely used in some countries and making a comeback in others.

Converts kinetic energy of moving air into electricity.

Operates like a battery. This reaction happens in a closed container to which no additional elements are added.

Electric current is applied to water to split it into hydrogen and oxygen.

Efficient, Self-Regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it automatically to end users.

The average concentration of an element in Earth's crust

concentrated accumulations of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted

Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.

the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered

Removing soil, subsoil, and other strata and then extracting a mineral deposit found fairly close to the earth's surface.

the removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore

a mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground

miners remove the entire top of a mountain with explosives

the process of looking for metals and precious stones in river sediments

unwanted waste material created during mining

Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.

this law requires mining companies to restore most surface-mined land by grading and replanting it

-Regulate the mining of copper, silver, gold ore as well as fuels including natural gas and oil on federal lands

-Allowed individuals and companies to recover ores or fuels from federal land (was originally created to encourage development and settlement of the West)

Pollution caused when sulfuric acid and dangerous dissolved materials such as lead, arsenic, and cadmium wash from coal and metal mines into nearby lakes and streams.

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area

All the different populations that live together in an area

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Nonliving components of environment.

All the living organisms that inhabit an environment

heterotrophic plants, bacteria, and fungi that feed on dead and decaying organisms

An animal that eats both plants and animals

A consumer that eats only animals.

A consumer that eats producers

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

A close relationship between two species that benefits at least one of the species.

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time

An organism's particular role in an ecosystem, or how it makes its living.