child developement midterm

Developmental milestone

a key skill used to check a child's progress

Stimulating environment

an environment in which the baby has a wide variety of things to see taste smell hear and touch

growth chart

shows the average weight and height of girls and boys at various ages

proportion

refers to the size relationship between different parts of the body

depth perception

is the ability to perceive objects that are 3D

reflex

is an instinctive response

gross motor skill

is a skill that involves the large muscles of the body such as those of the legs and shoulders

fine moter skill

involves the smaller muscles of the body such as those in the fingers

hand eye coordination

the ability to move the hands and finger precisely in relation to what is seen

shaken baby syndrome

a condition that occurs when someone severely shakes a baby, usually in an effort to make them stop crying

antibody

a substance produce by the body to fight off germs

weaning

is changing from drinking from the bottle or breast to a cup

malnutrition

inadequate nutrition

cradle cap

is a skin condition know for yellowish crusty patches on the scalp

diaper rash

a condition that includes patches of rough red irritated skin in the diaper area

teething

the process of the teeth pushing their way through the gums

immunization

is a shot of a small amount of dead or weakened disease carrying germ given to the body o that the body may build resistance to the disease

vaccine

a disease carrying germ that usually is injected into the body

emotional

is the process of learning to recognize and express feelings and to establish a personal identity.

emotion

is a feeling repose to the world around us

colic

is uncontrollable crying by an otherwise healthy baby

reflux

is a condition in which partially digested food rises in the throat

attachment

a babys bond to their main caregiver

failure to thrive

is a condition in which babies do not grow and develop properly

temperament

is a persons unique emotional makeup

social development

is the process of learning how to interact and express oneself with others

cause and effect

is a relationship between events in which one event the effect is caused by another event

model

a behavior means to teach it through example

stranger anxiety

a fear to unfamiliar people usually expressed by crying

play environment

is a comfortable space free of dangers and with toys that are safe and interesting

neuron

is a nerve cell. In response to experiences, babies’ brains immediately begin to develop links between these neurons.

neural pathway

the link between neurons

cortex

is part of the brain’s cerebrum and its growth permits more complex learning

axon

is the connection between neurons that transmits instructions from the cell body to another neuron.

myelin

is a fatty, insulating substance, which helps transmit information from one nerve cell to another

dendrite

is a branchlike feature at the end of each axon that receives the electrical messages from other neurons.

synapse

is the tiny gap between the dendrites where messages are transmitted from one neuron to another.

Neurotransmitter

is a chemical released by the axon. The neurotransmitter acts as a messenger between the neurons

perception

the ability to learn from sensory information

attention span

is the length of time a person can concentrate on a task without getting bored

concept

a general category of objects and information

sensorimotor period

Piaget’s first stage of learning and lasts from birth to about age two

object permanence

is the concept that objects will continue to exist, even when they are out of sight

imaginative play

pretneding

symbolic thinking

is the use of words and numbers to stand for ideas

age appropriate

means something is suitable for the age and individual needs of a child

childproof

means to take steps to protect the child from possible dangers.

manipulate

means to work with the hands. Baskets, boxes, and other containers are fun

toddler

1 and 2 year olds

preschooler

3 and 5 year olds

sensory integration

is the process by which the brain combines information taken in through the senses to make a whole

developmentally appropriate

describes toys, activities and tasks that are suitable for a child at a specific age

dexterity

is a skillful use of the hands and fingers

night terrors

are a type of sleep disturbance that occurs during the first few hours of sleep, when children are sleeping deeply

hygiene

personal care of cleanliness

sphincter muscle

are the muscles help regulate elimination from the bowels

synthetic fiber

are fabric made from chemicals, rather than natural sources

flame ressistant

means that the fabric can still catch on fire, but will not burn as quickly as other fabric

self centered

refers to thinking about ones own needs and wants and not those of others

negativism

doing the opposite others

temper tantrum

when children release anger or frustration by screaming crying kicking and sometimes holding their breath

phobia

unexpalinable and illogical fear

separation anxiety

is fear of being away from parents,familar caregivers or the normal environment

sibling rivalry

is the competition between brothers or sisters for parents affection and attention

empathy

the ability to understand how another person feels

self concept

how people see themselves

sleep deprived

lacking adequate sleep

rem sleep

is a sleep cycle characterized by rapid eye movement

nrem sleep

a sleep cycle of sleep in which rapid eye movement does not occur

socialization

the process of learning to get along with others

parallel play

is when children plays but not actually with other children

cooperative play

is a type of play in which children play and interact with one another

self discipline

the ability of children to control theyre own behavior

autonomy

independence

time-out

when a child is removed from the gorup, perhaps by being required to sit in a special chair for a short period of time.

neuroscience

the modern study of the brain

intelligence

is the ability to interpret and understand everyday situations and to us prior experiences when faced with new situations or problems

incidental learning

unplanned learning

trial and error learning

learning that takes place when a child tries several solutions to find one that works

imitation

learning by watching and copying others

directed learning

learning from being taught by parents teacher or older siblings

creativity

the mental ability that involves using the imagination to produce original ideas

reading readiness

means learning the skills necessary for reading including letter recognition and the understanded if letters of the alphabet coebine to form words on a page

math readiness

is the level of knowledge of basic math concepts such as number recognition needed learning for math

articulation

refers to the ability to use clear distinct speech

stuttering

when a person speaks with sporadic repetition of words

permanent teeth

teeth that will not be naturally replaced by another set

ambidextrous

means able to use both hands with equal skill level

group identification

the feeling of belonging with others

fluoride

a substance used to strengthen teeth to help prevent decay

enamel

the hard outer coating of teeth

tension

emotional stress

self confidence

belief in ones own abilities

initiative

the motivation to accomplish more

peer

someone close to ones own age

moral development

the process of learning to base ones behavior on beliefs about what is right and wrong

aggressive behavior

is hostile and at times destructive behavior that people display when faced with conflict

competition

rivalry with the goal of winning

intelligence quotient

is a number obtained by comparing a childs test results to those of other children the same age

cultural bias

means that many of the test questions favored or gave an advantage to people from one culture to other cultures