AP World Unit 1: The Global Tapestry

Definition: fast ripening, drought resistant (orginally from Vietnam)

Significance: allowed farmers to still yield crops despite poor weather, also harvested 2x a year. caused a population boom.

Definition: one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors

Significance: a large part of social society and Confucianism in China n Confucian thought & provided the social and ethical foundations for maintaining social order, and thus a stable society

Definition: empire in southern China (960-1279)

Significance: advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. There was a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); paper money, gun powder; landscape black and white paintings

Definition: government/power selected individuals on their abilities and merits

Significance: offers an equal playing field, allowing individuals from any background to succeed if they have the ability and put in the effort.

Definition: practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet by binding them, in order to make them smaller (and into a lotus)

Significance: viewed as a rite of passage for young girls and preparation for puberty, menstruation, and childbirth. Symbolized a girl's willingness to obey, limited the power of females, and increased differences between sexes. Only the rich could have this done since they could not walk after (carried) -- an example of the social hierarchy in Chinese society and the patriarchy.

Definition: Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC based on the teaching of Buddha. Happiness can be achieved through the removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

Significance: changed/challenged the social hierarchy, provided opportunities for women, provided a middle way that wasn't so extreme

Definition: resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; combines Buddhist and Confucian beliefs

Significance: promoted a unified vision of humane flourishing that would end with a person becoming worthy by means of various forms of self-cultivation (example of syncretism) -- was created by combining BUDDHISM + DAOISM + CONFUCIAN THINKING

Definition: nomadic Turks from Asia who conquered Baghdad in 1055 and allowed the caliph to remain only as a religious leader. they governed strictly

Significance: introduced social and political stability to conquered territories through institution building, worked to revitalize Sunni Islam, and patronized the arts and intellectual culture

Definition: A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Significance: linked Europe and Asia + introduced an era of frequent and extended contact between East and West & was one of the LARGEST empires in world history.

Definition: (750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads. They focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of.

Signficance: greatly contributed to the development of Islamic Golden Age, especially through direct promotion of arts, philosophy, and scientific progress

Definition: library, academy, and translation center in Baghdad est. in the 800s by an Abbasid caliph, al-Ma'mun

Significance: preserved the knowledge acquired by the Abbasids over the centuries (ex: contained Ancient Roman & Greek texts).

Definition: The first Islamic government established in India 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India/centered in Delhi

Significance: an example of an Islamic state outside of the Caliphate system. Most known for campaigns in repelling the Mongol Empire's invasions of India.

Definition: An immensely popular development in Hinduism in South India and spreading northward, it advocated intense devotion toward a particular deity

Significance: a reforming movement within Hinduism that advocated personal devotion to a deity as the means to achieve moksha, it may have developed as a response to Sufi Islam which also advocated a personal relationship to God to achieve salvation

Definition: The dominant center of an important Mississippi valley mound-building culture, located near present-day St. Louis, Missouri; flourished from about 900 to 1250 C.E.

Significance: first permanent European settlement in Illinois, became a center of French influence in upper Mississippi River valley

Definition: made up of a major city and the surrounding areas which sometimes included some smaller settlements and cities

Significance: within each city-state, rulers supplied the leadership and military force for great building projects. Leadership passed from one king to the next

Definition: established in modern day Peru through military conquest; spanned 2500 miles north and south along the entire length of the west coast of South America; government consisted of military elites but armies consisted of conquered peoples

Significance: had an advanced system of roads to facilitate communication, comparable to the Roman Empire; use of mit'a (compulsury labor service to the state in leiu of tribute) made the empire oppressive; fell to Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro

Definition: Incan system for payment of taxes with mandatory public service

Significance: system by which the state controlled their subjects, and in turn, was 1 major reason why the empire was able to have useful agricultural and construction projects. workers were recruited for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not accept; was a way for Incan to control their subjects

Definition: during Incan rule, this was a massive roadway system made possible by captive labor, stretched 25,00 miles

Significance: used to carry out official messages and united the empire

Definition: Bantu language with Arabic loanwords spoken in coastal regions of East Africa

Significance: Arabian traders & an example of cultural diffusion. It emerged on the coast of East Africa, where many Arabs, Indians, and Europeans settled down. This led to the emergence of a new language called Swahili, a blend of African languages with Arabic and Portuguese vocabularies.

Definition: trade route across the Sahara desert that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

Significance: instrumental in development of the civilizations: facilitated exchange of ideas/cultures between Europe, the Middle East, and Africa-->development of new technologies, art, and architecture

Definition: connected to Europe, Africa, South Asia, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid
Muslim expansion, spread of goods, ideas

Significance: expansion in trade increased wealth and cultural awareness was improved. The sharing of ideas and thoughts spread as the goods between nations were shared.

Definition: a slave trading system by which Indian slave raiders took thousands of captives, mostly women and children and sold them to English, French, and Dutch slavers, who sold them to the US and Caribbean

Significance: led to the development of an increasingly integrated movement of slave, convict, and indentured labor during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, consequences well into the twentieth century.

Definition: City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state

Significance: attests to the existence of a thriving city that may have dominated trade and culture throughout southern Africa sometime between the 12th and 17th centuries

Definition: the royal charter of political rights given to rebellious English barons by King John in 1215

Significance: protected their rights and property against a tyrannical king, concerned with many practical matters and specific grievances relevant to the feudal system under which they lived

Definition: England's chief law-making body, key institution in development of representative democracy as it provided some voice and recognition of the rights and interests of various groups in society. Involved in creating taxes and passing laws, similar to Congress in US (which passes laws)

Significance: progressively limited power of the English monarchy, a process that arguably culminated in the English Civil War and the High Court of Justice for the trial of Charles I

Definition: an economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors

Significance: Manorialism connects to Feudalism because it predated the feudal system and provided the initial structural framework upon which feudalism was based. The manor system was a smaller-scale system of landowners who contracted with landless tenants for labor to create a self-sufficient estate protected from invaders.

Definition: a person who is forced to work on a plot of land (Medieval Europe)

Significance: a result of Feudalism, benefited the rich

Definition: the dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which the nobility held lands from the Crown in exchange for military service, and vassals were in turn tenants of the nobles, while the peasants (villeins or serfs) were obliged to live on their lord's land and give him homage, labor, and a share of the produce, notionally in exchange for military protection.

Significance: created a social fabric with military obligations. It produced a set of manners and norms - chivalry - and spawned an elegant form of literature that helped Europeans capture and develop pride in their histories

Definition: France's traditional national assembly with representatives of the three estates, or classes, in French society: the clergy, nobility, and commoners.

Significance: The calling of the Estates General in 1789 led to the French Revolution.

Definition: Venetian traveler who explored Asia in the 13th century and served Kublai Khan (1254-1324)

Signficance: served Emperor Kublai Khan in China and returned to Venice to write about his experiences; his accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Definition: "rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Significance: people began rediscovering classical texts and art from ancient Greece and Rome that changed and arose new values socially, politically, and religiously in Europe

Defnition: A Renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements; built a more humane, just, compassionate, and democratic society

Signficance: ended the church dominance of written history

Definition: the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054

Significance: separated Eastern Christians and Western Christians

Definition: Surviving Eastern Roman Empire (on the site of new capital: Constantinople).

Significance: Eastern Power with Eastern Orthodox Christianity (the power transfer to the East). Where scholars, technology, and more was promoted; preserved the traditions of Greece and Rome for around 1,000 years after the fall of the western half of the Roman Empire

Definition: A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s in Europe

Significance: was a temporary but significant cooling period between the fourteenth and the nineteenth centuries; accompanied by wide temperature fluctuations, droughts, and storms, causing famines and dislocation.