Cold War

Marshall Plan

a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)

glasnost

a Soviet policy allowing more open discussion of political and social issues, as well as more widespread news and info

information disclosure

Berlin Wall

In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.

1947, Containment Policy

established by the Truman administration in ____ to contain Soviet influence to what it was at the end of World War II.

berlin airlift

planes flew in food,fuel, and other supplies to 2 millioin berliners during the berlin blockade which cut off west berlin from the rest of the world

1968, Détente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

due to NPT
Answer: (year), ____

domino theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

Truman Doctrine

Policy statement by President Harry S. Truman in 1947 that promised military and economic aid to nations threatened by armed minorities or outside groups. Specifically targeted at Greece and Turkey who were threatened by communist aggression.

Satellite

nation politically and economically dominated or controlled by another more powerful country

NATO

an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country:
US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Arms Race

Cold war competition between the U.S. and Soviet Union to build up their respective armed forces and weapons

1947, Division of Germany

In ____, Germany got divided into 4 zones controlled by the U.S., Great Britian, France and Russia

1953, Korean War

the cold war conflict in which UN soliders fought to defend South Korea from takeover by Communist North Korea, ending a stalemate in _____

1962, Cuban missile crisis

In October ____, the United States and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev remove the 42 missiles he had secretly deployed in Cuba. The Soviets eventually did so, nuclear war was averted, and the crisis ended.

1955, Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in _____ that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania
- response to NATO

Yalta Conference

1945 Meeting with US president FDR, British Prime Minister(PM) Winston Churchill, and and Soviet Leader Stalin during WWII to plan for post-war: aimed to discuss post-war plans and the reorganization of Europe after the defeat of Nazi Germany

Perestroika

revision of planned economy, introduction of market economy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev

1989, Chinese military, Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in _____. The demonstration was crushed by the _______ with great loss of life.

Berlin Blockade

The was a Soviet attempt to starve out the allies in Berlin in order to gain supremacy. The blockade was a high point in the Cold War, and it led to the Berlin Airlift.

1945, United Nations

an organization of independent states formed in ____ to promote international peace and security

Cold War

" War of words and threats" between the US and USSR from 1945-1990. It was a political and economic stuggle between these nations.

Nikita Khrushchev

He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, following the death of Joseph Stalin, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers from 1958 to 1964. He was responsible for the De-Stalinization of the USSR, as well as several liberal reforms ranging from agriculture to foreign policy.

domino theory

the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

weapons of mass destruction

nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons that can kill tens of thousands of people all at once

Bay of Pigs Invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the {{____}}.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Soviet dictator from 1985 to 1991 whose policies caused the end of the Soviet Union; revisionist historians identify him as the true Cold War Hero, not Reagan

1957, Sputnik

In October _____, the Soviet Union surprised the world by launching {___}, the first artificial satellite to orbit the earth. The resulting outcry in the United States, especially fears that the Soviets were ahead in both space exploration and military missiles, forced the Eisenhower administration to increase defense spending and accelerate America's space program.

Brezhnev

Soviet Dictator from 1964 to 1982; brought an end to the Dethawing of the Cold War, instituted his doctrine of intervention in Eastern Europe; invaded Afghanistan in 1979

Iron Curtain

A term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolation during the Cold War. The barrier isolated Eastern Europe from the rest of the world.

1972, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

In ____, the United States and the Soviet Union culminated four years of SALT by signing a treaty limiting the deployment of antiballistic missiles (ABM) and an agreement to freeze the number of offensive missiles for five years.

1947, Cominform (Communist Information Bureau), Marshall Plan

• Established by Stalin in ___.

• Organized communist parties in Europe, ensuring their alignment with Moscow's directives.

• Eliminated opposition to Soviet control in satellite states.

• In response to ______.

Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance)

• Founded by Stalin in 1949.

• Soviet alternative to the Marshall Plan.

• Built trade links between Comecon countries.

European Coal and Steel Community

1951- Belgium, France, German Federal Republic, Luxembourg, Netherlands
UK chose not to join

European Economic Community

established in 1958
UK was not allowed to join until 1973

• aiming to foster economic integration among its member states.

European Atomic Energy Community

1957

• creating a specialist market for nuclear power in Europe, by developing nuclear energy and distributing it to its member states

• sell the surplus to non-member states.

European Community

ECSC + EEC + EURATOM

To prevent regimes like Nazi Germany, Unstable situations in the Middle East called for joint development and management of coal and nuclear energy

Why integrate Europe?t

Association of South East Asian Nations(ASEAN)

• cultural and economic cooperation

• maintenance of regional peace

Newly Industrializing Economies in Asia (NIEs)

• ROK and Southeast Asian countries were achieving rapid economic development under dictatorships

Developmental Dictatorships

Regime restricting political participation and justifying dictatorship through the necessity of “political stability” for economic development.

ROK leader of Developmental Dictatorship

Park Chung Hee

The Philippines leader of Developmental Dictatorship

Marcos government

Indonesia leader of Developmental Dictatorship

Suharto Regime

Burma leader of Developmental Dictatorship

Me Win Regime

Singapore leader of Developmental Dictatorship

Lee Kuan Yew

Consequences of the Cold War

• Caused economic fluctuations, one of such being the Oil Crisis

• Fall of the Soviet Union: End of communist rule in Eastern Europe

• Rise of the United States as a superpower

• Globalization and spread of capitalism

• Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact and NATO's expansion

• Shift in balance of power from bipolarity to unipolarity

First Oil Crisis

4th Arab-Israeli War occurs

• Middle Eastern oil is restricted

• OPEC significantly increase oil prices

Second Oil Crisis

Halt of oil production due to Iranian revolution

Neoliberalism

A political and economic theory promoting free-market capitalism, deregulation, and reduced government intervention in the economy.

• slowdown of economic growth in the West and Japan

• Welfare state → Free competition

japanese economic collapse

A severe downturn in Japan's economy characterized by:

• significant decrease in GDP

• high unemployment rates

• deflation

• sharp decline in consumer spending.

Plaza Accord

An agreement in 1985 among major economies to devalue the US dollar to address trade imbalances and stimulate global economic growth.

Consequences of Plaza Accord

• yen becomes expensive

• export industries are in decline

• To cope, gov. deregulates domestic economic activity

4, 11, 6, 1, 5, 2, 12, 3, 7, 8, 10, 9, 13

Explain and order the following in chronological order:

1. Korean War

2. Berlin Wall

3. Vietnam War

4. Marshall Plan

5. Warsaw Pact

6. COMECON, NATO

7. Cultural Revolution

8. Sino-soviet border conflict

9. Gorbachev

10. Iranian Revolution

11. Berlin Blockade

12. Cuban Missile Crisis

13. End of Cold War

1966, Cultural Revolution

Preserve Chinese communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. Happens in ____.

Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons

Signed by the U.S., Great Britain, and the USSR. Prohibits possession of nuclear weapons by any country other than the U.S., the USSR, Great Britain, France, and China.

New political thinking

Gorbachev’s rule for reconciliation with western bloc.

1955 System

Japanese political system that the Liberal Democratic Party took office for almost 40 years.

Origin of the Vietnam War

The Democratic Republic of Vietnam established. (1945)

France wants to regain colonial control → invades South Vietnam and starts Indochina War. (1946~)

League for the Independence of Vietnam, Dien Bien Phu (1946~1954)

____ defeated France at the battle of _____. (Vietnam)

Geneva Conference of 1954

Promised unified elections of South and North Vietnam.

the U.S., Geneva Agreement, Republic of Vietnam

____ did not recognize ____ and established ____ in South Vietnam.

1964, Start of Vietnam war

The U.S. announced their destroyer was destroyed in the Gulf of Tonkin
U.S. attacked North Vietnam

Air strikes, biological weapons

The U.S. used ____ and ____ against North Vietnam

1975, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, the Socialist Republic of Vietnam

Vietnamese war ended in ____, _____ changed its name to _____.

Hindu, Muslim, East Pakistan, Bangladesh.

_____ approved the independence of India.
India (___ nation) and Pakistan (___ nation) became independent.
India supports the independence of ______. It achieved independence from Pakistan as _____.

the USSR, China, the U.S.

India-china border dispute

India because close to ______

Pakistan became close to _____ and _____

Time of Independence of African countries

1960s

the Organization of African Unity

Independent African countries established

Problems with established African countries

unstable due to mono-cultural economy and borders brought by colonial rule and frequent internal conflicts

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa ensured rule by whites.

Did not join OAU.

Nelson Mandela

South Africa made a new constitution due to international criticism and resistance. Mandela was the president in 1994.

Iranian Revolution

led to the collapse of autocratic dynasty supported by the U.S.

Egypt

becomes a republic (1956)

Nationalization of the Suez Canal, Suez Crisis, England, France, Israel

Egypt declared it, leading to the _____. Still, they won the war against ____, _____, and _____.

The rise of Arabism

Starts with the Nationalization of the Suez Canal.
June 1967 War = Israel invades Egypt

Nationalist party

_____ fled to Taiwan.

1949, the People’s Republic of China

In ____, ______ was established after the civil war (China)

Sukarno, Suharto

____, which declared the establishment of Indonesia’s republic, but was overthrown and replaced by ______.

Democratic Republic of Vietnam, France

_____ declared independence in Indochina, which lead to a war with _____.

1954, Zhou Enlai, Nehru, territorial integrity, sovereignty

In _____, Chinese Premier ____ and Indian Prime Minister _____ met and announced the Five Principles. It included things such as ______ and ______.

Asian-African Conference

10 principles were adopted at the _________ in the following year of its announcement.

First Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement, 1961

Opposition to colonialism was declared at the _______, which was held in ____.

Tito of Yugoslavia, Nasser of Egypt, Nehru of India

The “First Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement” was requested by President ___ of ______, President _____ of ____, and Prime Minister ____ of ____.

Answer with: (name) of (country)

1955, Geneva, The Personality Cult and Its Consequences, Khrushchev

Defrosting of the Cold War was shown through the meeting between the U.S., Britain, France, and the USSR in ____ in _____. The following year, _____ was published by ____ of the USSR.

1956, The Personality Cult and Its Consequences, Hungary

In October ____, right after the release of _______, the USSR intervened militarily in the rebelling in _____, which led to the continuation of the Cold War.

Ichiro Hatoyama, 1955, Soviet-Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956, the USSR

The ______ Cabinet, formed by the integration of conservative Japanese parties in ____, signed the ________ and restored diplomatic relations with _____.

the United Nations, the USSR, 1956

Japan achieved membership in _____ with the support of _____ in ______.

Nobusuke Kishi, New Japan-U.S. Security Treaty, 1960

_______ Cabinet concluded the ________ in ____. (Japan)

Eisaku Sato, South Korea

_____ Cabinet normalized diplomatic relations with _____ in 1965

Tanaka Kakuei, China, Taiwan

________ Cabinet normalized diplomatic relations with ____ in 1972. The ones with ___ were severed.

planned economic policy, the USSR, Mao Zedong, 2nd Five-Year Plan

In ____, China was promoting a _______ but because of the lack of engineers due to the deteriorating relations with the ______, _____ established _____ to regain independence of the economy.

rural areas, people’s communes

2nd Five-Year Plan sought to collectivize _____ through ________.

2nd Five-Year Plan, socialism, Cultural Revolution

Due to the failure of the ______, gradual _____ emerged, and Mao Zedong hurried to suppress it, which is the ________.

Nixon, gold, dollar, Bretton Woods system

President ____ announced the suspension of exchange between ____ and ____ to protect it; he demanded that countries with trade surpluses significantly revalue their exchange rates. In other words, _______ is over.

Plaza Accord, they were concerned about losing their export markets

Japan and Germany signed the _____ with the United States in 1985 because ____.

1989, Malta Summit

the Cold war between East and West ended in December of ____ with the _____.

Gorbachev, Hungary, Romania

_____ attempted policies but failed, resulting the the democratization of ____ and ____. (the USSR)