Oceanography Final Exam

Decomposers are organisms that __________.

Trophic efficiency in the ocean averages about __________%

In addition to water and energy, marine primary producers require __________.

Primary production in coastal upwelling zones is high because of __________.

Especially in bays and estuaries where nutrient concentrations are high and there is a strong thermocline

in an increasing number of coastal areas worldwide

in areas where there are large inputs of anthropogenic dissolved nitrogen

The photic zone is dangerous for most marine organisms because __________.

Mimicry

Red body coloration

Camouflage

Which species often possess defensive mechanisms such as poisons or spines

Which species often retreat into shells or tubes in the sediment when threatened

Many nocturnal species that hide during the day and hunt at night are a deep red color because

Fish use lures to

Animals living around hydrothermal vents near the mid- ocean ridges tend to __________.

The primary reason for the depletion of California kelp forests in the early twentieth century was

Reef-building corals will grow only in the photic zone because

Chesapeake Bay has a large region of nearly permanent anoxia in the bottom water primarily because of

Most of the small plastic particles mistaken for food and eaten by marine organisms

Most shoreline ecosystems where major oil spills occur will recover in

The major source of oil contamination in the oceans is

Estuaries tend to have _____ than other marine environments except for highly productive upwelling regions.

Coastal upwelling off Peru and Equador occur during an

Equatorial upwelling in the Pacific occurs during

The likelihood of hurricanes in the North Atlantic Increases during

During the early phase of the development of an El Nino

El Nino generally reduces the abundance of anchovy in the eastern equatorial Pacific near Peru by

El Nino recurs generally every ___ years

Between El Nino events

Because deep-water wave celerity depends upon wavelength, longer waves _______ than short waves

Wave refraction tends to concentrate the energy of waves

Wave patterns often appear complex because

Wave dispersion is caused by

Wind fetch is

In summer, beaches are characterized by

In winter, beaches are characterized by

Longshore currents that transport sediments as littoral drift are caused mostly by _____

At present, globally, sea level is

Sand dunes are protected from erosion largely

Reducing the amount of sand carried offshore to form longshore bars are caused by

Reducing the supply of new sand to the beach to replace that lost by longshore drift occurs from

Refracting and focusing the wave energy so that the erosion rate is drastically increased at the sea wall

On an indented coastline, erosion occurs fastest

The benthic zone is the

Dinoflagellates

Coccolithophores

Diatoms

Cyanobacteria

Marine Biologists define the water column as the _____ environment