Exam semester 2 (multiple choice)

first person to study how traits are passed down from one generation to the next

who’s studies on pneumonia discovered the process of transformation

whose X-ray diffraction pictures helped determine the structure of DNA

whose experiment, using digestive enzymes, showed DNA was responsible for transformation

who (w help from others) correctly built the structure of DNA

In the experiment with pneumonia bacteria and transformation, what was being passed from one strain of Bactria to the other

what two parts of the nucleotide make up the “backbone” of the nucleic acid strand

which DNA nucleotides are pyrimidines, having just one ring in the nitrogenous base?

how many hydrogen bonds form between adenine and thymine as they “base pair”

which carbon determines whether the nucleotide is ribose or deoxyribose

which carbon is the one that the nucleotide can be added to in the growing strand of nucleotides

which protein does DNA wrap around to form the “bead on a string” structure of chromatin

DNA is replicated in which form?

DNA polymerase I preforms which of the following functions?

DNA gyrase does which of the following during replication

RNA polymerase does which of the following

what is the function of DNA polymerase II

a repressor protein would do which of the following

RNA polymerase lands on an area of DNA known as which of the following?

which RNA type helps shut down translation

of the editing steps of pre-mRNA, which of the following brings the ribosomes to the mRNA strand

what is the function of telomerase

which letter on the diagram is the leading strand

what is the lagging strand on the diagram?

what are the Okazaki fragments on the diagram?

which type of mutation changes a nucleotide for another, causeing a change in the amino acid laid down for the protein

a deletion of two nucleotides in a gene would result in which of the following?

when people go to the beach they apply sunscreen to prevent uv rays from giving us skin cancer. in this instance uv rays are acting as ___?

which of the following describes eukaryotes transcription control

the Gardasil vaccine prevents around 75% of cervical cancers, by preventing the infection with the human papillomavirus, HPV. how does HPV cause these cancers

which “part” of the ribosome connects the amino acids together with peptide bonds?

what correctly describes what happened to babies in England who, after their mothers took morning sickness pills, became “flipper babies”

what name refers to the original strand of DNA that the DNA polymerases “read” during replication

what term refers to the stretch of DNA that is turned into RNA during transcription

what is the structure of DNA

DNA has what type of charge?

what term refers to ALL of the DNA of a eukaryotic organism

in the Lac operon, the genes are turned on when which of the following is present?

which of the following refers to transfer RNA?

I. carries an amino acid

II. has an anticodon to “pair” to the codon

III. lands at the A-site of the ribosome

the Lac Operon is found in which of the following

which of the following terms refers to a picture of a cells chromosome

which of the following refers to the area where sister chromatids are connected together on a chromosome

bacterial cells divide by which. of the following processes

which of the following is part of interphase

a. mitosis

b. S-phase

c. cytokinesis

d. prophase

e. anaphase

during S-phase of the cell cycle, DNA can be found in which form

The majority of a cells growth takes place during which of the following?

during which stage of mitosis do the sister chromatids separate

which of the following occurs during telophase

during which stage of the cell cycle do cells replicate their DNA

during which stage of mitosis do the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell?

During prophase which of the following would happen

I. chromosomes form

II. Centrioles split

III. Nuclear membrane dissolves

the length of time that it takes a cell to progress through the cell cycle is known as…

which of the following proteins is the primary protein in centrioles and spindle fibers

a. cyclins

b.collagen

c.actin

d.tublin

e.beta lactamase

which of the following is not a part of the mitotic spindle

a.centrioles

b.centrosome region

c.contractile ring

d.spindle fibers

e.polar fibers

the contractile ring is formed primarily from which protein

which term refers to the indention that forms where a eukaryotic animal cell divides

the polar fibers of the mitotic spindle are involved in which of the following

a. connecting the spindle fiber to the chromosome

b.seperating the sister chromatid

c. elongating the cell before it divides

d. maneuvering the chromosomes to the middle of the cell

e. all of the above

which family pf proteins is involved in controlling the cells progress through the cell cycle

in the cell cycle, external regulators typically direct cells to do which of the following

cyclin b, the first cyclin discovered, when it reaches the threshold amount level, would immediatly send a cell into which of the following stages

which of the follwing is involved in cell differentiation

a. through the expression of different genes

b. through the expression of the same genes but in different amounts

c. through the expression of the same genes but at different times of the cell’s cycle

d. by influences from neighboring cells

e. all of the above

apoptosis is best described by which of the following examples

the frog regrowing limbs and the drugs used, and how that worked, would be best described as

which of the following describes using CAR-T cells, or chimeric antigen receptor cells, in cancer therapy

cancers that occurs in the bone marrow, where blood cells are formed, is referred to as which of the following

ultraviolet radiation from the sun is an example of which of the following

many cancers have been found to have mutation in which of the following genes

cancers of epithelial tissue are known as which of the following

which term refers to a gene that, normally would control the cell cycle, but has mutated and is causing uncontrolled cell growth

which of the following statements is true?

I. tumor cells that are metastasizing must be activly going through the cell cycle

II. tumor cels that are metastasizing must be in cell cycle arrest

III. tumor cells that are benign must be in cell arrest

cells of the blastocysts inner cell mass are best described as ?

what term is used to describe two of the same chromosomes?

what tern refers to the different versions of a specific gene?

Barbara McClintock made an unusual discovery during her research of corn, that genes do not always stay in one spot. what scientific term refers to these so called “jumping genes”

to follow humanity lineage through the paternal line science would compare which of the following?

what is 1 in this diagram?

what is 2 in the diagram?

what is 3 in the diagram?

what is 4 in the diagram

what term refers to cells that have both chromosomes of each pair of chromosomes found in an organism

somatic refers to what?

in humans, spermatogenesis, in which one spermatocyte forms four sperm cells, creates which of the following

in humans, as one oocyte goes through the process of oogenesis, it creates which of the following

which of the following occurs during meiosis II

I. the DNA gets replicated

II. the homologous chromosomes get separated

III. the sister chromatids get separated

which of the following would occur during prophase II once the spindle apparatus was broken down during telophase I

I. the DNA condenses

II. the nuclear membrane dissolves

III. The spindle apparatus is formed

a tetrad forms during which stage of the gametic cycle?

the following cell would be in which stage of meiosis?

identify _____ (the “location” of the break)

if a zygote has three homologous chromosomes, two genetically identical and one different which of the following must have happened

which of the following would occur during crossing over if the chiasma occurred at two different locations

which of the following is NOT a characteristic that scientists would want in an organism used to study genetics: gives birth to one offspring at a time, becomes reproductive early in life / short life cycle, is inexpensive to care for, not dangerous, or all of the above are needed for a good genetic study organism a

a punnet square is used to determine which of the following

what ratio would occur if model crossed two heterozygous pea plants for a characteristic that was a single gene trait with one dominant version and one recessive version

The ab blood type is a specific example of which principle of genetics?

a trait that has a range of variation to its phenotype, like eye color, would be an example of which of the following?

which of the following would be described as a “carrier” :homozygous individual that shows signs of the disorder, heterozygous individual that shows signs of the disorder, homozygous individual that does not show signs of the disorder, a heterozygous individual that does not show signs of the disorder, or males who have the sex linked, X-chromosome disorder

a autosomal disorder in humans would refer to which of the following?

which of the following would not be an example of epigenetics : laying out in the sun, different temp. in a turtle nest determining the gender of the offspring, males being more suseptible to sex-linked disorders, a mother being stressed during her pregnancy resulting with behavioral issues in her child, or all of the above are examples

what terms refers to a gene, that when mutated, has multiple effects, in multiple areas, of the body?

in the article concerning Down syndrome, what was the discovery that the scientists made cornering gene expression in the neural progenitor cells, or the cells that eventually form neural cells of the nervous system