HISTOPATH LAB NA PARANG LEC NARIN? (HITTING 2 BIRDS WITH 1 STONE) BOOGHS!

FOR ACHIEVING GOOD FIXATION IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE FIXATIVE PENETRATES THE TISSUE WELL HENCE THE TISSUE SECTION SHOULD BE?

>4MM THICK

RATIO OF VOLUME OF FIXATIVE TO THE SPECIMEN SHOULD BE?

20:1

THE FIXATIVES ARE DIVIDED INTO THREE MAIN GROUPS WHICH ARE?

MICROANATOMICAL, CYTOLOGICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL FIXATIVES

THIS AIMS TO PRESERVE THE CELLS AND EXTRACELLULAR SUBSTANCES OF TISSUES/ORGANS AND PREVENT AUTOLYTIC (DEGENERATIVE) CHANGES

FIXATION

TO REMOVE WATER FROM THE TISSUE BLOCK USING ALCOHOL SO THAT THE WATER IS FULLY LEACHED OUT AND REPLACED WITH ALCOHOL

DEHYDRATION

TISSUE PROCESSING IN ORDER:

FIXATION, DEHYDRATION, CLEARING, IMPREGNATION, EMBEDDING

MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF DISEASED TISSUE

HISTOPATHOLOGY

CONSISTS OF A NUMBER OF PROCEDURES THAT ALLOW VISUALIZATION OF TISSUE AND CELL MICROSCOPIC FEATURES AND RECOGNIZE SPECIFIC MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURAL CHANGES OF DISEASE

HISTOTECHNIQUE

A SMALL PIECE OF LESIONS OR TUMOR WHICH IS SENT FOR DIAGNOSIS BEFORE FINAL REMOVAL OF THE LESION OR THE TUMOR

INCISIONAL BIOPSY

WHOLE TUMOR OR LESION IS SENT FOR EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS BY THE PATHOLOGIST

EXCISIONAL BIOPSY

THE HISTOLOGICAL SPECIMEN CAN BE PREPARED AS?

WHOLE MOUNT, SECTIONS, SMEARS

THESE ARE PREPARATION OF ENTIRE ANIMAL

WHOLE MOUNT

WHOLE MOUNT PREPARATIONS SHOULD BE NO MORE THAN __ IN THICKNESS

0.2-0.5 MM

THE MAJORITY OF PREPARATIONS IN HISTOLOGY ARE?

SECTIONS

IN PREPARATION OF SECTIONS, THE TISSUE IS CUT IN ABOUT __ THICK

3-5MM

SPECIAL INSTRUMENTS WHICH HAVE AUTOMATIC MECHANISM FOR CUTTING VERY THIN SECTIONS

MICROTOMES

WHAT ARE THE 2 METHODS FOR HARDENING THE TISSUES

FREEZING AND EMBEDDING IN HARD MATERIAL

THESE ARE MADE FROM BLOOD, BONE MARROW OR ANY FLUID SUCH AS PLEURAL OR ASCITIC FLUID

SMEARS

THESE ARE IMMEDIATELY FIXED IN ALCOHOL TO PRESENCE THE CELLULAR STRUCTURES ARE THEN STAINED

SMEARS

WHAT DO YOU CALL WHEN A SMEAR IS MADE BY PRESSING A CLEAN SLIDE IN CONTACT WITH THE MOIST SURFACE OF A TISSUE.

IMPRESSION SMEAR

RESPONSIBILITY OF A TECHNICIAN

SPECIMEN PRESERVATION, SPECIMEN LABELING, LOGGING AND IDENTIFICATION, PREPARATION OF THE SPECIMEN TO FACILITATE THEIR GROSS AND MICROSCOPY, RECORD KEEPING

REMOVAL OF CALCIUM IONS OR LIME SALTS FROM THE ORGANIC EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, CALCIFIED COLLAGEN, AND SURROUNDING TISSUES OF BONES

DECALCIFICATION

BOTH DECALCIFICATION AND PROCESSING DEPENDS ON?

BONE THICKNESS

IDEAL THICKNESS FOR DECALCIFICATION IS?

1-3MM

REQUIRED VOLUME OF DECALCIFYING AGENT (RATIO)

20:1

DECALCIFYING AGENT SHOULD BE __ THE VOLUME OF THE SPECIMEN

10-20X

HOW WOULD YOU SPEED UP DECALCIFICATION

HEAT APPLICATION AND CONSTANT AGITATION

WHAT WOULD BE DECALCIFICATION MORE RAPID AND AT THE SAME TIME DESTROY TISSUE/DAMAGE THE TISSUES

CONCENTRATED ACID SOLUTIONS

OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE FOR DECALCIFICATION?

ROOM TEMPERATURE

METHODS OF DECALCFICIATION

ELECTROLYTIC METHOD, ION EXCHANGE RESIN, USE OF CHELATING AGENT (EDTA), USE OF ACID

IN THIS DECALCIFICATION METHOD, THE POSITIVELY CHARGED CALCIUM IONS ARE ATTRACTED TO NEGATIVE ELECTRODES FROM THE DECALCIFYING SOLUTION THUS FACILITATING CALCIUM REMOVAL

ELECTROLYTIC METHOD

MOST RAPID BECAUSE BY ELECTRICITY, CALCIUM IS REMOVED

ELECTROLYTIC METHOD

COMPARED WITH ELECTROLYTIC METHOD, THE PROCESS OF THIS DECALCIFICATION METHOD IS MUCH LONGER

ION EXCHANGE RESIN

DURATION OF ION EXCHANGE RESIN

1-14 DAYS

THIS WILL INCREASE TISSUE SOLUBILITY TO FACILITATE REMOVAL OF CALCIUM

RESIN

VERY GOOD ANTICOAGULANT BUT IS WEAK AS A DECALCIFYING AGENT

EDTA

EDTA IS CONSIDERED AS THE BEST DECALCIFIER IN?

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY

DISADVANTAGE OF EDTA IN DECALCIFICATION METHOD

INACTIVATES ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY

REMEDY FOR THE DISADVANTAGE OF EDTA?

ADD MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

THE USE OF CHELATING AGENT (EDTA) IN SMALL SPECIMENS CAN LAST UP TO?

1-3 WEEKS

THE USE OF CHELATING AGENT (EDTA) IN DENSE SPECIMENS CAN LAST UP TO?

6-8 WEEKS

THIS IS REGARDED AS THE MOST COMMON METHOD OF DECALCIFICATION

USE OF ACID

MOST COMMONLY USED ACID IN DECALCIFICATION METHOD

NITRIC ACID

NITRIC ACID MUST BE DILUTED TO PRODUCE?

10% SOLUTION

THIS NITRIC ACID IS USED IN ROUTINE DECALCIFICATION

10% AQUEOUS NITRIC ACID

NITRIC ACID + FORMALDEHYDE

FORMOL NITRIC ACID

THIS REQUIRES FUME HOOD BECAUSE OF FORMALDEHYDE

FORMOL NITRIC ACID

DURATION OF FORMOL NITRIC ACID

1-3 DAYS

CAN BE USED AS A DECALCIFYING ACID AND AS A TISSUE SOFTENER

PERENYI’S NITRIC ACID

NITRIC ACID + CHROMIC ACID + ETHYL ALCOHOL

PERENYI’S NITRIC ACID

DURATION OF PERENYI’S NITRIC ACID

2-7 DAYS

PHLOROGLUCIN + NITRIC ACID

PHLOROGLUCIN NITRIC

COMPARED WITH OTHER NITRIC CONTAINING ACIDS, THIS IS THE MOST RAPID

PHLOROGLUCIN NITRIC

ACID THAT IS NOT COMMONLY USED BECAUSE IT IS WEAK AND SLOW

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

RECOMMENDED ONLY FOR MINUTE PIECES OF BONE

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

HYDROCHLORIC ACID + SODIUM CHLORIDE

VON EBNER’S

THIS IS USED FOR SURFACE DECALCIFICATION OF BLOCKS

VON EBNER’S

THIS IS USED FOR TEETH AND SMALL PIECES OF BONES

VON EBNER’S

THIS IS RECOMMENDED FOR CARTILAGE, RESEARCH SPECIMENS, AUTOPSY SPECIMENS, BONE MARROW

FORMIC ACID SODIUM CITRATE

WEAK AND SLOW DECALCIFYING AGENT

TRICHLOROACETIC ACID/ TCA, SULFUROUS ACID

THIS IS NOT COMMONLY USED AS IT IS CONSIDERED AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXIN

CHROMIC ACID OR FLEMING’S SOLUTION WITH ACETIC ACID

THIS HIGHLY CORROSIVE ON THE SKIN

CHROMIC ACID OR FLEMING’S SOLUTION WITH ACETIC ACID

DECALCIFYING AGENT WITH CHLOROFORM AS A PRESERVATIVE

CITRIC ACID CITRATE BUFFER

NOT A RELIABLE METHOD ALTHOUGH IT’S EASY TO DO

PHYSICAL METHOD/MECHANICAL

DONE BY BENDING THE TISSUE OR BY PRICKING/PROBING THE TISSUE WITH NEEDLE

PHYSICAL METHOD/MECHANICAL

THE MOST RELIABLE/ACCURATE METHOD OF TESTING FOR THE COMPLETENESS OF DECALCIFICATION

X-RAY/RADIOLOGIC METHOD

THIS CAN DETECT EVEN THE SMALLEST AMOUNT OF CALCIUM

X-RAY/RADIOLOGIC METHOD

IN RADIOLOGIC METHOD, PRESENCE OF ___ IN X-RAY FILM MEANS THAT DECALCIFICATION IS NOT YET COMPLETE

OPAQUENESS

WHAT IS THE DISADVANTAGE OF RADIOLOGIC METHOD:

A. THERE IS NO DISADVANTAGE WHICH IS WHY IT IS THE MOST ACCURATE

B. EXTREMELY DANGEROUS; TOXIC TO MAN

C. NOT SUITED FOR MERCURIC CHLORIDE FIXED TISSUES

D. INACTIVATES ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY

C

IN CHEMICAL METHOD, TRANSFER 5 ML OF DISCARDED FLUID IN A TUBE AND MAKE IT ALKALINE BY ADDING?

STRONG AMMONIA

IN CHEMICAL METHOD, IF THE DISCARDED FLUID IS ALREADY ALKLINE, WHAT SHOULD WE ADD?

AMMONIUM OXALATE

IN CALCIUM OXALATE TEST, AFTER 30 MINUTE, OBSERVATION IS __ DUE TO DECALCIFICATION IS NOT YET COMPLETE

CLOUDY

IN CALCIUM OXALATE TEST, AFTER 30 MINUTE, OBSERVATION IS __ WHICH MEANS DECALCIFICATION IS ALREADY COMPLETE

CLEAR

BUBBLE TEST IS CARRIED OUT BY ADDING __

CALCIUM CARBONATE

IN BUBBLE TEST PRESENCE OF BUBBLES MAY INDICATE THAT?

DECALCIFICATION IS NOT YET COMPLETE

TRUE OR FALSE. IN DEHYDRATION, WE USE DECREASING OR DESCENDING CONCENTRATIONS OF ALCOHOL

FALSE

WHAT IS THE MOST COMMONLY USED AGENT TO DEHYDRATE THE TISSUES?

ALCOHOL

TRUE OR FALSE. USE DEHYDRATING AGENTS WITH AMOUNT THAT SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 10X THE VOLUME OF THE SPECIMEN

TRUE

FOR ROUTINE INITIAL CONCENTRATION OF ALCOHOL IN DEHYDRATING PROCESS SHOULD BE BETWEEN?

70-80%

TRUE OR FALSE. FOR DELICATE TISSUES LIKE EMBRYO, INITIAL CONCENTRATION MAY BE AS LOW AS 20%

FALSE

THIS TYPE OF ALCOHOL IS USED IN ROUTINE DEHYDRATING AGENT

ETHANOL

THIS DEHYDRATING AGENT IS COMMONLY USED BECAUSE FAST ACTING AND NON-TOXIC

ETHANOL

THIS DEHYDRATING AGENT IS NOT COMMONLY USED BECAUSE IT IS TOXIC AND SUITED ONLY FOR BLOOD AND TISSUE FILMS

METHYL ALCOHOL

THIS DEHYDRATING AGENT IS RECOMMENDED FOR PLANT AND ANIMAL MICRO TECHNIQUES

BUTYL ALCOHOL/BUTANOL