WHAP Mongol & Other Nomadic Challenges Vocab/notes

Nomadic people from Central Asia when united ended up creating the largest single land empire in history.

Became khagan after death of Kabul Khan; Leader of Mongol Empire defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms; killed or enslaved all who opposed

Meeting of all Mongol chieftains at which the supreme ruler of all tribes was selected

Title of the supreme ruler of the Mongol tribes.

basic fighting units of Mongol forces; made up of 10,000 cavalrymen divided into smaller units.

Rulers of the Xi Xia kingdom of northwest china; one of the regional kingdoms during the period of Southern Song; conquered by Mongols in 1226.

Turkic ruler of Muslim Khwarazm; conquered by Mongols in 1220.

Capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan

Religion that revolves around the belief of nature spirits; Was the main religious belief of Chinggis Khan and the Mongols; Although it was the main religion, the khagan was very tolerant of all other religions

ruler of the golden horde; one of Chinggis Khan's grandsons; responsible for the invasion of Russia beginning in 1236.

Third son of Chinggis Khan; succeeded Chinggis Khan as khagan of the Mongols following his father's death; showed that following khagans were not always the next eldest son

Russian prince of Novgorod who surrendered temporarily to the Mongols after an invasion

Led the resistance and attacks against Mongols; became center of political power and economics in Russia

One of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; led by Batu; conquered and ruled Russia during the 13th and 14th centuries.

A religious leader who held divine right

A mythical Christian monarch whose kingdom supposedly had been cut off from Europe by the Muslim conquests; some thought he was Chinggis Khan.

Dismissed negotiations with Mongol Empire; led to the invasion of Hungary by the Mongols

Grandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad.

Asian Christian sect; cut off from Europe by Muslim invasions.

Muslim slave warriors; established a dynasty in Egypt; defeated the Mongols in 1260 and halted Mongol advance into Africa

Commander of Mamluk forces in 1260; originally enslaved by Mongols and sold to Egyptians.

A ruler of the Golden Horde; converted to Islam; his threat to Hulegu combined with the growing power of Mamluks in Egypt forestalled further Mongol conquests in the Middle East.

Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China; took 35 years to conquer China

The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols, Nomadic/Muslim allies, North Chinese, Ethnic/Southern Chinese

Capital of Mongol Yuan Dynasty; now present-day Beijing

influential wife of Kubilai Khan; demonstrated refusal of Mongol women to adopt restrictive social conventions of Confucian China; promoted interests of Buddhism in China

Venetian merchant and traveler. His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.

Chinese drama written during the Yuan period; indicative of the continued literary vitality of China during Mongol rule

Secret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty in China; typical of peasant resistance to Mongol rule

Chinese peasant who led successful revolt against Yuan; founded Ming dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.