AP Biology Unit Three

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

adenosine diphosphate; molecule that ATP becomes when it gives up one of its three phosphate groups

Chemical energy available to do work

the enzyme-mediated direct transfer of phosphate from another molecule (the substrate) to ADP

Gain of electrons by a chemical reactant; any reduction is accompanied by an oxidation.

Relative loss of electrons in a chemical reaction; either outright removal to form an ion, or the sharing of electrons with substances having a greater affinity for them, such as oxygen. Most oxidations, including biological ones, are associated with the liberation of energy.

loses electrons

gains electrons

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide - a coenzyme that is an electron carrier; NAD+ is oxidized, NADH is reduced

compound that loses electrons in a reaction

compound that gains electrons in a reaction

The catabolic pathways by which electrons are removed from various molecules and passed through intermediate electron carriers to O2, generating H2O and releasing energy.

Requiring molecular oxygen, O2

pyruvate molecules are oxidized and produces acetyl-CoA, CO2, and NADH

In cellular respiration, a set of chemical reactions whereby acetyl CoA is oxidized to carbon dioxide and hydrogen atoms are stored as NADH and FADH2. Also called the Krebs cycle.

endergonic stage of glycolysis in which glucose is converted into G3P

exergonic stage of glycolysis in which G3P is converted into two molecules of pyruvate

Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis.

reduced electron carrier molecule formed in glycolysis

another name for the citric acid cycle

molecule formed from the oxidation of pyruvate

a reduced coenzyme similar to NADH, an electron carrier

Occurring without the use of molecular oxygen, O2.

Speaking specifically about energy metabolism, the anaerobic degradation of a substance such as glucose to smaller molecules such as lactic acid or alcohol with the extraction of energy. (2) Speaking generally, metabolic processes that occur in the absence of O2.

Anaerobic series of reactions that convert glucose to lactic acid, in some bacteria and animal cells.

Anaerobic series of reactions that convert glucose to ethyl alcohol (ethanol) and carbon dioxide in some plants and yeast cells.

photosynthesis: Metabolic processes carried out by green plants and cyanobacteria, by which visible light is trapped and the energy used to convert CO2 into organic compounds.

The initial phase of photosynthesis, in which light energy is converted into chemical energy.

A substance that absorbs visible light.

Any of several green pigments associated with chloroplasts or with certain bacterial membranes; responsible for trapping light energy for photosynthesis.

A graph of light absorption versus wavelength of light; shows how much light is absorbed at each wavelength.

A graph of a biological process versus light wavelength; shows which wavelengths are involved in the process.

in photosynthesis, a group of different molecules that cooperate to absorb light energy and transfer it to a reaction center. Also called antenna system.

A light-harvesting complex in the chloroplast thylakoid composed of pigments and proteins.

in photosynthetic light reactions, the flow of electrons that produces ATP but no NADPH or O2.

In photosynthesis, the flow of electrons that forms ATP, NADPH, and O2.

a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar

An organism that is capable of living exclusively on inorganic materials, water, and an energy source other than the chemical bonds of organic compounds. Some autotrophs (photoautotrophs) use sunlight as their energy source. Others (chemoautotrophs) use oxidation of inorganic compounds.

An organism that requires preformed organic molecules as sources of energy and chemical building blocks.

The sum of the building & breaking reactions occurring in cells

Series of reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.

Series of reactions that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.

The study of how organisms manage their energy resources.

Energy associated with relative motion of objects.

Kinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms. (heat)

Stored energy.

A measure of disorder or randomness. Tends to increase in the universe.

Measures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.

Reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.

Reaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.

A chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Protein that speeds up reactions. Typically end in "ase" (ex. Peroxidase, Lipase)

The amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier.

When an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms:

A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where a substrate can bind.

States that the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes to interact fully with one another (as opposed to "Lock & Key"

Reduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites.

Impede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme (other than the active site).

A metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.

Describes an enzyme's maximum activity when every active site is being used.

Potential energy trapped in molecular bonds.

When a reaction doesn't require energy to proceed it is said to be this - doesn't mean it will be FAST.

substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site

a chemical that binds to an enzyme but not in the active site. This chemical will change the shape of the enzyme (reversible)

the substance an enzyme catalyzes, changes.

a chemical reaction where energy is given off, so that the products have less energy than the reactants.

a chemical reaction where energy is taken in, so that the products have more energy than the reactants.

Enzyme that can break the bonds of starch to form the carbohydrate monomer, glucose.

Characteristic of proteins; a change in shape that stops the protein from functioning.

__________ regulation of enzyme occurs when a molecule binds to an enzyme changing the protein's shape

______ an agent that speeds up a chemical reaction without itself being permanently altered

The less stable state that occurs and is usually a high-energy state between reactants and products in a chemical reaction

When Enzyme bring together specific atoms into a correct position that are otherwise rotating and tumbling so that bonds can form

enzymes that reversibly activate or inactivate other proteins by adding phosphate groups to (phosphorylating) them

After looking at the shape of graph the enzyme activity of this enzymes is being regulated by what variable:

After looking at the shape of graph the enzyme activity of this enzymes is being regulated by what variable:

The totality of an organism's chemical reaction

The study of how organisms manage their energy resources

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones i.e. Cellular respiration

Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones i.e. Amino acids making up proteins

Catabolic

Endergonic

Anabolic

Equation for ΔG

Free energy

Enthalpy aka system's total energy

Temperature

Systems total entropy (disorder)

ATP is composed of

Maintaining a stable internal environment

What happens if we have a decrease or disruption in energy?