Unit 2: The Biological Bases of Behavior

Dendrite

Soma

Axon

Terminal buttons

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

neuron is negatively charged inside the soma; neuron could "fire" but it is "resting" (polarized)

when the neuron receives enough input, it "fires" in an all-or-nothing manner (depolarization)a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing at all.

a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full-strength response) or not firing at all.

a brief period in which the neuron cannot "fire", (it is reloading to fire again) (repolarization)

the recollecting/recycling the neurotransmitter form the synapse

The electrical charge that skips down the axon of the neuron

Excitation: simulate neural activity (accelerator in a car)

Inhibition: slows neural activity (breaks in a car)

a molecule that increases a neurotransmitter's action

a molecule that inhibits or blocks a neurotransmitter's action

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter

a neurotransmitter involved in pain perception (p for pain)

natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure (end of pain)

fight-or-flight responses, wakefulness, alertness (think epi-pen is the fight response)

Voluntary movement and muscles control, ;earning, memory, sleep

Responsible for Parkinson and Alzheimer’s

mood regulation, hunger/apatite, sleep (hangry)

pleasure neurotransmitter (dope=yay!)

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

(long term potentiation) an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. (neurons that fire together, wire together)

the formation of new neurons

you flush it fully (neurons firing fully) or you don't flush at all (neurons don't fire at all)

lock = receptor, key = neurotransmitter

the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action (burning hand) and sending the message to the brain

cells in the nervous system that supports, nourishes, and protects neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain is mirroring of another's action

carry information from sensory system to the brain (afferent-adding to the brain)

carries information between other neurons

carry information from the brain to muscles and glands (efferent-exiting brain)

master gland because it regulates many other glands (growth hormone)

a hormone released by the pituitary gland

regulates the sleep-wake cycle

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

secretes hormones in reaction to stress

hormone secreted by the adrenal gland

produce sex hormones

Female sex hormone

Male sex hormone

secretes hormones that control metabolism

hormone from the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism

regulates blood-sugar levels

Hormone produced by the pancreas that helps to decrease blood sugar.

suffered a traumatic brain injury

Gage’s personality was drastically changed after the accident

Central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord

The body’s ultimate control and information-processing center

Frontal(thinking, judgment, personality, decision making)

Parietal(receives sensory input except smell)

Temporal(hearing)

Occipital(processes, visual information)

site where touch, pressure, pain, and temperature are registered

an area that controls voluntary movements

breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure(involuntary movements)

attention levels and where focus goes

coordination of body and balance

“switch board” directs messages to where they need to go

Fight, flight, feeding, and mating

fear and anger

storing and creating memories

Speech production

Language comprehension

an amplified recording of waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's. surface

a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images of soft tissues

can detect changes in blood flow and oxygen levels that result from your brain's activity

a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task.

When right and left brain are disconnected from a severed corpus callosum

The large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

Specialization of function in each hemisphere

Right- more creative

Left- more

Genetic makeup of an organism

You are getting a certain gene no matter what

The likelihood of receiving the gene

Common method of investigating whether nature or nurture affects behavior

The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

The way the genes are expressed

Down Syndrome

Turner Syndrome

Williams Syndrome

Phenylketonuria(PKU)

Genetic abnormality caused by having an extra copy of 21 chromosomes

Caused by only having 1 X chromosome(only females)

caused by the loss of genetic material in chromosome 7

Mutated gene that breaks down amino acid phenylalanine due to a missing enzyme