reproduction

produce sperm

produce immature sperm

matures and stores sperm cells

extends from epididymis to urethra

secretes fructose into the semen which provides energy for the sperm

secretes an alkaline buffer into the semen to protect the sperm from acidic environments of the vagina

makes mucus -rich fluids into the semen that may protect the sperm from acids in the urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

puts sperm into the vagina

-increased blow flow to corpus cavernosum in penis -corpus cavernosum becomes engorged with blood and swells -pressure causes veins to collapse decrease venous return -penis becomes large and stiff

male sexual characteristics at puberty maturation of the testes and penis sex drive muscle growth

-takes approximately 64 -72 days -starts at puberty and usually continues until death with a slight decrease in sperm produced as age increases -

a canal that leads from the uterus to the outside of the body

opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth

female organ of reproduction used to house the developing fetus.

tubes which carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and which provides the place where fertilization occurs. they have 20 to 25 finger -like structures on their ends that hover just above the ovaries and work to collect the mature egg when it is released.

glands that produce and stores the egg cells and hormones

GnRH, FSH, LH, Estrogen, Progesterone are involved.

• bacterial • fungal • protozoal • viral • even arthropods!

maintains lining of uterus

secretes in ovaries

stimulates development of ovum in a follicle

stimulates the release of an egg

flow phase follicular phase ovulation luteal phase

Uterus lining and some blood flow out of the body

FSH is secreted -Follicle develops in the ovary -Follicle begins to secrete estrogen -Increase in estrogen stimulates uterine lining to thicken -preparation for possible pregnancy

Estrogen causes decrease of FSH which stimulates the release of LH. When LH is at peak (LH surge) ovulation takes place o -Ovulation: release of mature egg into the Fallopian tube (oviduct) -Release of egg leaves the corpus luteum behind in the ovary

production of estrogen and progesterone which stimulate the endometrium and prepare the uterus for an embryo. If fertilization does not happen, estrogen and progesterone levels fall and the endometrium will be shed in the next fl ow phase.

Administration of estrogen or progesterone (or both, but usually estrogen) given at significant levels during the first half of the ovarian cycle suppresses ovulation. It suppresses the LH surge.

T he function of fertilization is to combine chromosomes from two individuals into a single cell called a zygote. (activate the egg)

4

1

polar body

Sperm enters oviduct and swims toward egg Sperm is attracted to egg and attaches the eggs jelly coat

the discharge of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome, when the sperm contacts an egg

the sperm membrane then penetrates the jelly coat the egg and sperm membranes fuse and the sperm head penetrates the egg membrane resulting in the sperm nucleus entering the cytoplasm of the egg the fusion of the egg and sperm membranes opens sodium ion channels and the egg is depolarized

a reaction that occurs during fertilization, when the sperm cell unites with the egg's plasma membrane, that prevents entry of a second sperm.

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

period of the cell cycle between cell divisions

first and longest phase of mitosis in which the DNA which was unraveled and spread all over the nucleus is condensed and packaged (chromosomes are visible).

second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell

phase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell

4th phase of cell division. the chromosomes become longer, thinner, and less distinct. the nucleur membrane forms

haploid gametes must have half the genetic material of a normal cell

Prophase 1, Metaphase 1, Anaphase 1, Telophase 1, Prophase 2, Metaphase 2, Anaphase 2, Telophase 2

haploid cells with chromosomes made up of two chromatids

mitosis on haploid cells

Homologous chromosomes come together and form tetrads Crossing over, in which chromatids within tetrads exchange genetic material, occers

Tetrads line up along the equator of the cell

one copy of each chromosome still composed of two chromatids moves to each pole of the cell

new nuclear membranes are formed aroun d the chromosomes

chromosomes are already condensed

chromosomes line up at the equator of the two haploid cells produced in meiosis I

sister chromatids separate

telophase II is identical to mitotic telophase, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I.

the process of sorting chromosomes into their matched pairs. an important technique for investigating chromosomal disorders

Having an extra chromosome is like having a business with too many managers or a car with two drivers or a country with two presidents, perhaps giving contradictory instructions.

turners syndrome down syndrome cri du chat edward syndrome

the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division

a failure of homologous chromosomes to separate in meiosis I the failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis II

N+1 N+1 N-1 N-1

N+1 N-1 N N