AP Biology Ecology Unit

________: available space for territories or nesting may be limited, thus controlling the population.

________: determined by fine- scale variations such as sunlight and temperature differences under a log compared with the surrounding forest floor.

________: refers to the total land and water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population.

Increasing ________ and other greenhouse gas concentrations are warming Earth, wind and precipitation patterns are shifting, and extreme weather events are occurring more frequently.

________: evenly spaced dispersion is often the result of antagonistic interactions.

________ are evolutionary outcomes not conscious decisions by organisms.

________: the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment.

________: occurs when a population goes from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and low death rates.

Type ________: shows a constant death rate over the organisms life span.

Type ________: shows very high early death rates, then a flat rate for the few surviving until reaching the older age groups.

Both biotic and ________ influence the reproductive fitness of individuals in a population and are major forces of natural selection.

________: the long- term prevailing weather conditions in a given area.

________: the number of individuals per unit area or volume, increases by births or immigration and decreases by deaths or emigration.

________ regulate population size by negative feedback.

________: as prey populations increase, predators may find the prey more easily.

________: shows unpredictable spacing, occurs in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals or where resources are relatively constant across an area.

________: the study of vital statistics of a population, especially birth, death, and migration rates.

Competition for Resources: as population density increases, competition for resources intensifies (can include competition for food, space, or ________)

________: work at the global, regional, or local level.

________ that affect an organisms schedule of reproduction and survival make up its life history.

________: the pattern of spacing among individuals with the boundaries of the population.

________: are the major types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions.

There are trade offs between ________ and percentages of surviving offspring.

________: show the relative number of individuals of each age in a population and can be used to predict and explain many demographic patterns.

________: increasing densities allow for easier transmission of diseases.

________ are a consequence of both ecological factors and evolutionary history.

________: Selection of life history traits that are sensitive to population density and carrying capacity.

Carrying Capacity: a population defined as the ________ size that a certain environment can support at a particular time with no degradation of the habitat.

________: the nonliving, chemical, and physical components.

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment

the long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area

work at the global, regional, or local level

determined by fine-scale variations such as sunlight and temperature differences under a log compared with the surrounding forest floor

a directional change to the global climate that lasts three decades or more (as opposed to short-term changes in the weather)

are the major types of ecosystems that occupy very broad geographic regions

include interactions with other species through predation and herbivory, parasites, pathogens, and competing organisms

the nonliving, chemical, and physical components

a group of individuals of a single species living in the same general area

explores how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution, size, and age structure of populations

the number of individuals per unit area or volume, increases by births or immigration and decreases by deaths or emigration

the pattern of spacing among individuals with the boundaries of the population

individuals in patches, usually around a required resource

evenly spaced dispersion is often the result of antagonistic interactions

shows unpredictable spacing, occurs in the absence of strong attractions or repulsions among individuals or where resources are relatively constant across an area

the study of vital statistics of a population, especially birth, death, and migration rates

shows low death rates during early life and midlife; then the death rate increases sharply in older age groups

shows a constant death rate over the organisms life span

shows very high early death rates, then a flat rate for the few surviving until reaching the older age groups

growth refers to population growth under ideal conditions

a population defined as the maximum population size that a certain environment can support at a particular time with no degradation of the habitat

the per-capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached

dN/dt = rmaxN(K-N)/K

Selection of life history traits that are sensitive to population density and carrying capacity

selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments

When the death rate does not change with an increase in population density

as population density increases, competition for resources intensifies (can include competition for food, space, or essential nutrients)

available space for territories or nesting may be limited, thus controlling the population

increasing densities allow for easier transmission of diseases

as prey populations increase, predators may find the prey more easily

occurs when a population goes from high birth rates and death rates to low birth rates and low death rates

show the relative number of individuals of each age in a population and can be used to predict and explain many demographic patterns

refers to the total land and water area needed for all the resources a person consumes in a population

Community Ecology