Earl Warren
Eisenhower appointed Earl as court’s Chief Justice
13th amendment
abolished slavery
14th amendment
gave citizenship and equal protection under the constitution
15th amendment
gave the right to vote
Brown v Board of Education
NAACP and Thurgood Marshall began to focus on desegregating the nation’s elementary and highschools in the 1950s
He found a case in Linda Brown of Topeka, Kansas
Unanimous verdict
Plessy vs. Ferguson was overturned
Schools were to be integrated, but most of the south did not integrate after the decision
The Little Rock Nine
Arkansas National Guard turned 9 chicldren away from entering the school for 3 weeks. Eisenhower sent 101st Airborne to escort the children to school.
Grassroots Activism
to bring about the equality individuals desired. allowed individual people with no power to come together as a group to form power.
Walter White
established the first African American trade union. In the NAACP.
Thurgood Marshall
helped to completely overturn the legal basis of “separate
but equal”
Bayard Rustin
a notable civil rights leader. Wanted to protest againts employment discrimination through non-violent acts. Led movements for civil rights, gay rights, and non-violence.
James Farmer
founded the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
CORE
fought discrimination through non-violent acts of protest
Mary Church Terrell
led the antidiscrimination struggle in deeply segregated Washington
PCCR
President’s committee on civil rights. Led by Truman, his mission was to protect all American civil rights.
William H Johnson
painted scenes of African American solders and people doing everyday activities
Billie Holiday
Jazz Singer promoted public awareness about civil rights.
Nina Simone
preformed songs about lynching, segregation, and war in the South.
Odetta
Folk singer. Her audience would sing lyrics to her spirituals to unite the protesters. “We Shall Overcome”
Bob Dylan, Joan Raez, and James Baldwin
white folk singers who performed at concerts to raise money and supportfor civil rights
William Hastie
mounted legal attacks against Plessy v Ferguson, 1896 case that established the doctrine “separate but equal”
Richard Wright
explored poverty and oppression of African Americans in novel Native Son
Ralph Ellison
wrote the novel Invisible Man about feeling dehumanized as African American in a major white society
Mendez v Westminster
challenged “separate but equal”
Sweatt v Painter
Sweatt an African American college student who was denied to a university because of his color
Mclaurin v Oklahoma State Regents
resulted in college classes around the nation to become integrated
Civil Rights act of 1957 and 1960
Eisenhower signed the civil rights act to protest the voting rights of African Americans. Failed both times.
Nonviolence SNCC
Ella Baker founded student non-violent coordinating committee. Grassroots movement, defeat racism and obtain equality
Kennedy and Freedom Riders
Kennedy sent police and state troopers to protect the freedom bus riders. Agreed not to interfere with MS arrests of activists.
James Meredith
desegregate Ole Miss, riots break out, many injured, 2 killed. Medgar Evans killed, Meredith shot.
King Campaigns in Birmingham
King and SCLC protested in Birmingham “most segregated city in the south”. King was arrested, youth join demonstration, Eugune “Bull” Connor acts against protests.
Freedom Summer
SNCC campaign to register AA to vote
Formation of MS Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) and Fannie Lon Hamer
3 men disappear and are found dead
Marching to Selma
SCLC campaign for federal gov. to enact voter rights legislation
Confrontation at Edmund Pettus Bridge
New Laws
Voting Rights Act in 1965: Banned literacy tests preventing African Americans from voting
24 Amendment: banned poll tax (pay to vote)
Limited gerrymandering “one man, one vote”
Jo Ann Robinson
President the Women’s Polit. Council, organized volunteers who distributed flyers declaring one-day boycott of city’s buses.
SCLC
southern Christian leadership conference. strength came from leadership of African American churches
SNCC
Student non-violenent coordinating committee. Cofounder Ella Baker. Sit-ins inspired a group of African Americans to create their own polit. organization.
Robert F Kennedy
President Kennedy’s brother sent US marshalls to protect the bus riders in WA.
Eugene T “Bull” Connor
commissioner of public safety. strictly enforced segregation ordinances. active in the KKK.
George Wallace
governor. flanked by state troopers. physically blocked 3 African American students from entering the University of Alabama.
Medgar Evans
a civil rights activist who was shot by a white segregationist in front of his house
What was the goal of the Birmingham campaign and why did it end?
MLK and SCLC developed plans to confront segregation and white segregationists attacks on Birmingham Church. They would preform sit-ins and boycotts but it got to violent and had to end.
March on Washington for Jobs and Equality
major rally in the nation’s capital in support of civil rights and the civil rights bill. twice the people arrived.
Voter registration drive
launched by SNCC and CORE in MS to get as many eligible African Americans as possible to sign up and vote.
Freedom Summer
MS summer project invited whites to work with civil rights organizations.